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Alimentary Path (1-6) Flashcards

1
Q

name the oral cavity anomaly

shortening of the mandible and maxilla

A

brachygnathia

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2
Q

name the oral cavity anomaly

lengthening of the mandible and maxilla

A

prognathia

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3
Q

name the oral cavity anomaly

insufficient growth of palatine shelves;
midline defect of hard and/or soft palate

A

Palatoschisis (cleft palate)

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4
Q

name the oral cavity anomaly

abscence of segment of lip ventral to nasal septum

A

Cheiloschisis (hare lip)

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5
Q

this is inflammation of the mucosa lining the oral cavity

A

stomatitis

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6
Q

this is inflammation of the gingiva

A

gingivitis

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7
Q

this is inflammation of the tongue

A

glossitis

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8
Q

this is inflammation of the lips

A

chelitis

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9
Q

what cells do viral infections target to cause vesicular stomatitis

A

stratified squamous epithelial cells

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10
Q

what cells do autoimmune diseases target to cause vesicular stomatitis

A

mucocutaneous junctions

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11
Q

what cells does thermal injury affect to cause vesicular stomatitis

A

full thickness epithelial necrosis

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12
Q

name the 2 main viruses that cause ulcerative stomatitis

A
  1. feline calicivirus
  2. mucosal disease caused by BVDV
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13
Q

name the main viruse that causes necrotising stomatitis

A

calf diptheria (Fusobacterium necrophorum)

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14
Q

what are the two types of granulomatous stomatits?

A
  1. Actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)
  2. Actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)
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15
Q

name the type of granulomatous stomatitis

firm swelling of the tongue with fibrosis, yellow gritty foci, sinus tracts;
histologically with club colonies, gram negative bacillus

A

Actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)

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16
Q

name the type of granulomatous stomatitis

chronic osteomyelitis of mandible or maxilla, with club colonies, gram negative filamentous bacillus

A

Actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)

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17
Q

name the oral cavity neoplasia

benign epithelial tumor;
raised, folded or frond-like lesions on the lips and oral mucosa;
thick squamous epithelium lining a fibrovascular stroma

A

papilloma

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18
Q

name the oral cavity neoplasia

malignant tumor of squamous epithelium;
locally invasive and may metastasize;
irregular cords and islands of squamous epithelium invading the stroma

A

squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

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19
Q

name the oral cavity neoplasia

tumor of pigment-producing melanocytes; nearly always malignant in oral cavity; most common oral neoplasm in dogs

A

malignant melanoma

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20
Q

name the oral cavity neoplasia

malignant mesenchymal (fibroblastic) tumors; common in dogs

A

fibrosarcomas

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21
Q

name 2 causes of dental attrition

A
  1. age related wear
  2. accelerated wear
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22
Q

name 7 anomalies of tooth development

A
  1. agenesis
  2. supernumary teeth
  3. dentigerous cysts
  4. enamal hypoplasia
  5. tooth discoloration
  6. fluoride toxicosis
  7. malocclusion
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23
Q

name the degenerative/inflammatory condition of teeth

dental plaque (bacteria and fungi), mineralization (tartar or dental calculus), gingivitis, atrophy of periodontal ligament, loosening and loss of teeth, tooth root abscesses, alveolar osteomyelitis

A

periodontal disease

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24
Q

name 3 degenerative/inflammatory conditions of teeth

A
  1. periodontal disease
  2. feline external resorptive neck lesions
  3. infundibular impaction/caries
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25
Q

name the dental neoplasm

group of benign neoplasms of the periodontal ligament and gingiva;
firm lesions on gums around teeth;
dense collagenous and sometimes ossified tissue lined by stratified squamous epithelium which descends into stroma in cords

A

Epulis (plural epulides)

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26
Q

name the dental neoplasm

may arise from rests of Malassez or Serres;
acanthomatous ameloblastoma (invasive)

A

odontogenic tumors

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27
Q

name the congenital anomaly of the oesophagus

rare failure of fusion of segments of the oesophagus; band of fibrous tissue where distal oesophagus should be

A

segmental aplasia

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28
Q

name the congenital anomaly of the oesophagus

failure of oesophageal cardiac sphincter to open

A

achalasia

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29
Q

this is a dilated oesophagus that lacks peristalsis and accumulates ingesta;
due to unerlying neuromuscular disorder or obstruction

A

megaoesophagus

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30
Q

name the type of megaoesophagus

occurs from developmental disorder of vagus nerve/motor nucleus

A

idiopathic megaoesophagus

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31
Q

name the type of megaoesophagus

occurs from dysautonomias, equine grass sickness, feline dysautonomia, myasthenia gravis

A

neurological acquired megaoesophagus

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32
Q

name the type of megaoesophagus

occurs from myodegeneration;
nutritional myopathy (vit E/selenium deficiency) in cattle

A

muscular acquired oesophagus

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33
Q

name the type of megaoesophagus

occurs from lead poisoning; swans ingesting lead shot

A

toxicity acquired megaoesophagus

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34
Q

name the type of oesophageal obstruction

foreign body at narrow sites (thoracic inlet, base of heart, cardiac sphincter);
may cause inflammation, pressure necrosis, ulceration and perforation

A

intraluminal obstruction

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35
Q

name the type of oesophageal obstruction

within the wall;
inflammatory lesion (abscess, granulation tissue), fibrosis or neoplasia

A

intramural obstruction

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36
Q

name the type of oesophageal obstruction

outside the wall;
vascular ring anomaly; persistent R aortic arch constrict oesophagus and leads to megaoesophagus cranially;
also pressure from abscess, hematoma, neoplasm

A

extrinsic obstruction

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37
Q

name the type of oesophagitis

damage from gastric acid due to gastro-oesophageal reflux or vomiting

A

reflux oesophagitis

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38
Q

name the oesophageal neoplasm

caused by bovine papillomavirus type 4 (in cattle);
may transform into squamous cell carcinomas with concurrent exposure to bracken fern toxins

A

papilloma

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39
Q

name the oesophageal neoplasm

espcially in cats;
concentric (“ring”) carcinomas of the oesophagus

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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40
Q

name the oesophageal neoplasm

benign tumor of oesophageal smooth muscle

A

leiomyoma

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41
Q

this is the failure of ruminants to expel fermentation gases

A

ruminal tympany (bloat)

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42
Q

name the type of bloat

formation of stable foam in rumen from ingestion of high-protein. lucerne/clover or high soncentrate/low roughage diets

A

primary (frothy bloat)

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43
Q

name the type of bloat

mechanical/functional obstruction of oesophagus (oesophageal disease/lesions) causing the inability to expel gas

A

secondary

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44
Q

this is caused from excess carbohydrates leading to an increased population of gram positive cocci leading to increased volatile fatty acid and lactic acid production leading to a reduced pH (<5)

(pathology of ruminant forestomachs)

A

ruminal acidosis (grain overload)

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45
Q

this is caused from the ingestion of sharp objects which can accumulate in the ventral reticulum;
may be forced through the wall of the reticulum by ruminoreticulum contractions

A

traumatic reticulitis

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46
Q

name the ruminant forestomach neoplasm

caused by bovine papillomavirus type 4

A

papilloma

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47
Q

name the ruminant forestomach neoplasm

develops from papillomas in cattle in association with ingested carcinogens in bracken fern

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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48
Q

name the type of gastric obstruction

foreign bodies (bones, stones, hair and wool balls, plant material)

A

physical obstruction

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49
Q

name the type of gastric obstruction

neurological causes including dysautonomia, end-stage liver disease, vagal indigestion

A

functional obstruction

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50
Q

name the type of gastric obstruction

delayed gastric emptying, persistent vomiting/regurgitation, acquired from healed ulcers (sometimes congenital hypertrophy)

A

pyloric stenosis

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51
Q

this is when the stomach is distended with gas (causing increased pressure on thoracic visera and blood vessels);
stomach rotates clockwise (when viewed ventral to dorsal) - spleen is included;
oesophagus is occluded and venous return in blocked

A

gastric dilation and volvulus (GDV)

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52
Q

this causes acute necrotising hemorrhagic abomasitis with emphysema of the abomasal wall

A

Clostridial diseases

53
Q

this causes mucosal nodules (cobblestone or Morocco leather appearance), glandular hyperplasia, loss of parietal/chief cells, chronic inflammation in the abomasum

A

Ostertagiasis

54
Q

name the glandular stomach neoplasm

most common gastric neoplasm in dogs and cats;
locally aggressive, lymphatic spread to gastric lymph nodes

A

adenocarcinoma

55
Q

name the glandular stomach neoplasm

most common gastric neoplasm in horses;
arises from squamous mucosa

A

squamous cell carcinoma

56
Q

name the glandular stomach neoplasm

arises from the interstitial cells of Cajal (dogs, cats)

A

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors

57
Q

name the glandular stomach neoplasm

smooth muscle neoplasms forming nodular masses (mainly dogs)

A

leiomyoma / leiomyosarcoma

58
Q

this means inflammation of the small intestine

59
Q

this means the passage of feces with increased bulk and/or fluid content

60
Q

this means inflammation of large intestine / colon

61
Q

this means inflammation of small and large intestine

A

enterocolitis

62
Q

this means inflammation of duodenum

A

duodenitis

63
Q

this means inflammation of jejunum

64
Q

this means inflammation of ileum

65
Q

this means inflammation of caecum

66
Q

this means inflammation of rectum

67
Q

this is inflammation of the stomach and small intestines, whether or not the colon is also involved

A

gastroenteritis

68
Q

name the type of diarrhea

secretion exceeds absorption

A

secretory diarrhea

69
Q

name the type of diarrhea

increased osmotic pressure due to unabsorbed digesta

A

malabsorptive diarrhea

70
Q

what organism causes Johne’s disease?

A

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

71
Q

name the type of diarrhea

inflammation, increased vascular permeability, oedema, loss of integrity of mucosa, leaky intercellular junctions, erosion, ulceration (interstitial fluid moves into intestinal lumen)

A

exudative diarrhea

72
Q

name 4 causes of exudative diarrhea

A
  1. Salmonellosis
  2. Clostridial enteritis
  3. Coccidiosis
  4. Cyathostomiasis
73
Q

name the type of diarrhea

caused by propulsants - prokinetic agents, laxatives

A

hypermotility diarrhea

74
Q

this is the excess loss of protein into intestinal lumen leading to hypoproteinemia (may occur with severe inflammatory disease, increased mucosal permeability, lymphangiectasia)

A

protein losing enteropathy (PLE)

75
Q

this is the incomplete occlusion of the intestinal lumen

(congenital anomaly)

76
Q

this is the complete occlusion of the intestinal lumen

(congenital anomaly)

77
Q

name the type of intestinal obstruction

food impaction or foreing bodies

A

intraluminal impaction

(physical obstruction)

78
Q

name the type of intestinal obstruction

neoplasia (may cause annular stenosis); scar tissue, abscesses, granulomas

A

intramural obstruction

(physical obstruction)

79
Q

name the type of intestinal obstruction

adhesions, neoplasia in structures adjacent to intestine, prostatic enlargement

A

extrinsic obstruction

(physical obstruction)

80
Q

this is the displacement of intestine through a foramina; most are external

81
Q

name the type of hernia

hernia contents are freely moveable (usually no adverse sequelae)

82
Q

name the type of hernia

small intestine and contents trapped (non-reducible); obstruction of venous drainage, congestion, oedema, adhesons, obstruction of lumen, rupture, peritonitis, death

A

incarceration

83
Q

this is the twisting of the intestine around its mesenteric axis

84
Q

this is the rotation of the intestine along its long axis

85
Q

this is the telescoping of one segment of bowel into another

A

intussusception

86
Q

intestinal hypoxia for this long can cause separation of epithelium from basement membrane

87
Q

intestinal hypoxia for this long can cause destruction of villi

88
Q

intestinal hypoxia for this long can cause necrosis of crypt cells

89
Q

mucosa will be entirely necrotic this long after intestinal hypoxia

90
Q

name the intestinal neoplasm

in small and large intestine;
usually grow into lumen, benign and polyp-like

A

intestinal adenoma/polyp

91
Q

name the intestinal neoplasm

malignancy of intestinal epithelial cells; aggressive, spread via lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes, lungs or liver

A

intestinal adenocarcinoma

92
Q

name the intestinal neoplasm

diffuse infiltration by neoplastic lymphocytes

A

lymphoma (lymphosarcoma)

93
Q

name the intestinal neoplasm

interstitial cells of Cajal; needs to be differentiated from leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma and fibroma/fibrosarcoma

A

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

94
Q

name the type of peritonitis

increased fluid in abdominal cavity, often with neutrophils (suppurative) or fibrin (fibrinous) adherent to serosal surfaces

A

acute peritonitis

95
Q

name the type of peritonitis

fibrous adhesions on serosal surfaces, omentum, mesentery, peritoneum

A

chronic peritonitis

96
Q

name 4 causes of peritonitis

A
  1. chemical
  2. bacterial
  3. viral
  4. parasitic
97
Q

name the type of viral peritonitis

high-protein exudate in peritoneal cavity

A

wet (effusive) form

98
Q

name the type of viral peritonitis

white miliary granulomas and fibrin on serosal surfaces;
infiltration by lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages

A

dry (non-effusive) form

99
Q

name the peritoneum neoplasm

arise from serosa

A

mesotheliomas

100
Q

name the peritoneum neoplasm

arise from mesentery;
can become large and pedunculates and may lead to strangulation of intestine

101
Q

name the peritoneum neoplasm

trancoelomic spread of ovarian carcinomas, bile duct carcinomas, pancreatic carcinomas, intestinal adenocarcinomas, gastric squamous cell carcinomas

A

secondary tumors

102
Q

name the degenerative change in the liver

this is the first manifestation of cell injury, microscopic;
energy production decreases, membrane pumps fail from lack of ATP, intracellular water accumulates and hepatocytes swell;
reversible

A

hydropic degeneration (cloudy swelling)

103
Q

name the degenerative change/accumulation in the liver

lipid accumulates in cytoplasm of injured hepatocytes (unable to metabolise/function normally);
reversible but may progress to irreversible

A

fatty change

104
Q

name 3 gross features of fatty change in the liver

A
  1. pale yellow
  2. greasy
  3. friable
105
Q

name the degenerative change/accumulation in the liver

hepatocytes distended by “feathery” cytoplasmic vacuoles which do NOT displace the nucelus;
excessive glycogen accumulation in presence of high levels of corticosteroids;
initially reversible

A

Steroid-induced hepatopathy

106
Q

name the pattern of hepatocellular necrosis

necrosis of individual cells (some types of viral hepatitis)

A

single-cell necrosis

107
Q

name the pattern of hepatocellular necrosis

randomly distributed without obvious relationship to lobular pattern (viral and bacterial agents most common)

A

focal to multifocal necrosis

108
Q

name the pattern of hepatocellular necrosis

necrosis of whole lobules (not the whole liver), including cells and connective tissue scaffold

A

massive lobular necrosis

109
Q

name 2 hepatocyte responses to hepatic damage

A
  1. hypertrophy of surviving hepatocytes
  2. hyperplasia of existing mature hepatocytes
110
Q

this represents an abnormal proliferative response following hepatic damage in which hepatocytes fail to form well organized cords and lobules, and there is a lack of portal triads (portal areas)

A

nodular regeneration

111
Q

this is a common incidental finding in older dogs;
discrete, unencapsulated nodules of hepatocytes which retain some lobular architecture, including portal areas (portal triads), with some organization of hepatocyte cords

A

nodular hyperplasia

112
Q

this is diffuse, irreversible, end-stage hepatic disease;
combo of hepatocyte destruction, nodular regeneration, biliary hyperplasia, and bridging fibrosis with portal-centrilobular vascular anastomoses

113
Q

name the developmental condition of the liver

isolated or clustered cysts formed from bile ductules

A

congenital cysts (biliary cysts)

114
Q

name the developmental condition of the liver

anomalous development of portal vein either prior to the liver (extrahepatic) or within the liver (intrahepatic);
features are liver and portal vein hypoplasia

A

porto-systemic shunts

115
Q

name the acquired disturbance of hepatic circulation

dilation of groups of sinusoids filled with blood (incidental finding in cattle and cats)

A

telangiectasis

116
Q

total rapid obstruction of this blood vessel results in death;
partial or slowly progressive occlusion leads to atrophy of lobe(s) of liver, depending on development of accessory portal circulation

A

portal vein

117
Q

this is inflammation of the liver parenchyma

118
Q

name at least 4 bacteria that cause hepatitis

A
  1. Salmonella spp.
  2. Escherichia coli
  3. Listeria monocytogenes
  4. Campylobacter fetus
  5. Mannheimia haemolytica
  6. Fusobacterium necrophorum
  7. Clostridium piliforme
  8. Clostridium novyi
  9. Leptospirosis
  10. Actinobacillosis
  11. Tuberculosis/mycobacteriosis
119
Q

name 2 causes of viral hepatitis

A
  1. infectious canine hepatitis virus (canine adenovirus type 1)
  2. equine herpesvirus type 1
120
Q

name 3 protozoal causes of hepatitis

A
  1. Toxoplasma gondii
  2. Leishmania spp.
  3. Eimeria stiedae
121
Q

name a fungal cause of hepatitis

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

122
Q

name a parasitic cause of hepatitis

A

acute fascioliasis (liver fluke)

123
Q

name 3 acute toxic hepatopathies

A
  1. adverse drug reactions
  2. acute copper poisoning
  3. toxic blue-green algae
124
Q

name the biliary disease

usually an ascending infection;
infiltrates of lymphocytes in portal tracts, together with bile duct proliferation and portal fibosis

A

cholangitis

124
Q

this is inflammation of the biliary tree AND hepatocellular parenchyma

A

cholangiohepatitis

125
Q

name the biliary disease

inflammation of gall bladder;
often ascending bacterial infection from the duodenum

A

cholecystitis

126
Q

name the biliary disease

hyperplasia of the gall bladder wall and lining epithelium with mucin production;
may become severely distended and can rupture

A

cystic mucinous hyperplasia

127
Q

name the biliary disease

gall stones;
uncommon in domestic animals but occur in dogs and cats and may be incidental finding in cattle

A

cholelithiasis

128
Q

name 3 sequelae for acute pancreatic necrosis (“necrotising pancreatitis”)

A
  1. resolution
  2. chronic relapsing pancreatitis
  3. diabetes mellitus

Vet Path (12 decks)

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