Alimentary Path (1-6) Flashcards by Natalie Bubenheim

name the oral cavity anomaly

shortening of the mandible and maxilla

brachygnathia

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name the oral cavity anomaly

lengthening of the mandible and maxilla

prognathia

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name the oral cavity anomaly

insufficient growth of palatine shelves;
midline defect of hard and/or soft palate

Palatoschisis (cleft palate)

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name the oral cavity anomaly

abscence of segment of lip ventral to nasal septum

Cheiloschisis (hare lip)

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this is inflammation of the mucosa lining the oral cavity

stomatitis

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this is inflammation of the gingiva

gingivitis

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this is inflammation of the tongue

glossitis

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this is inflammation of the lips

chelitis

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what cells do viral infections target to cause vesicular stomatitis

stratified squamous epithelial cells

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what cells do autoimmune diseases target to cause vesicular stomatitis

mucocutaneous junctions

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what cells does thermal injury affect to cause vesicular stomatitis

full thickness epithelial necrosis

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name the 2 main viruses that cause ulcerative stomatitis

feline calicivirus
mucosal disease caused by BVDV

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name the main viruse that causes necrotising stomatitis

calf diptheria (Fusobacterium necrophorum)

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what are the two types of granulomatous stomatits?

Actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)
Actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)

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name the type of granulomatous stomatitis

firm swelling of the tongue with fibrosis, yellow gritty foci, sinus tracts;
histologically with club colonies, gram negative bacillus

Actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)

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name the type of granulomatous stomatitis

chronic osteomyelitis of mandible or maxilla, with club colonies, gram negative filamentous bacillus

Actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)

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name the oral cavity neoplasia

benign epithelial tumor;
raised, folded or frond-like lesions on the lips and oral mucosa;
thick squamous epithelium lining a fibrovascular stroma

papilloma

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name the oral cavity neoplasia

malignant tumor of squamous epithelium;
locally invasive and may metastasize;
irregular cords and islands of squamous epithelium invading the stroma

squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

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name the oral cavity neoplasia

tumor of pigment-producing melanocytes; nearly always malignant in oral cavity; most common oral neoplasm in dogs

malignant melanoma

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name the oral cavity neoplasia

malignant mesenchymal (fibroblastic) tumors; common in dogs

fibrosarcomas

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name 2 causes of dental attrition

age related wear
accelerated wear

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name 7 anomalies of tooth development

agenesis
supernumary teeth
dentigerous cysts
enamal hypoplasia
tooth discoloration
fluoride toxicosis
malocclusion

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name the degenerative/inflammatory condition of teeth

dental plaque (bacteria and fungi), mineralization (tartar or dental calculus), gingivitis, atrophy of periodontal ligament, loosening and loss of teeth, tooth root abscesses, alveolar osteomyelitis

periodontal disease

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name 3 degenerative/inflammatory conditions of teeth

periodontal disease
feline external resorptive neck lesions
infundibular impaction/caries

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# name the dental neoplasm group of benign neoplasms of the periodontal ligament and gingiva; firm lesions on gums around teeth; dense collagenous and sometimes ossified tissue lined by stratified squamous epithelium which descends into stroma in cords

Epulis (plural epulides)

# name the dental neoplasm may arise from rests of Malassez or Serres; acanthomatous ameloblastoma (invasive)

odontogenic tumors

# name the congenital anomaly of the oesophagus rare failure of fusion of segments of the oesophagus; band of fibrous tissue where distal oesophagus should be

segmental aplasia

# name the congenital anomaly of the oesophagus failure of oesophageal cardiac sphincter to open

achalasia

this is a dilated oesophagus that lacks peristalsis and accumulates ingesta; due to unerlying neuromuscular disorder or obstruction

megaoesophagus

# name the type of megaoesophagus occurs from developmental disorder of vagus nerve/motor nucleus

idiopathic megaoesophagus

# name the type of megaoesophagus occurs from dysautonomias, equine grass sickness, feline dysautonomia, myasthenia gravis

neurological acquired megaoesophagus

# name the type of megaoesophagus occurs from myodegeneration; nutritional myopathy (vit E/selenium deficiency) in cattle

muscular acquired oesophagus

# name the type of megaoesophagus occurs from lead poisoning; swans ingesting lead shot

toxicity acquired megaoesophagus

# name the type of oesophageal obstruction foreign body at narrow sites (thoracic inlet, base of heart, cardiac sphincter); may cause inflammation, pressure necrosis, ulceration and perforation

intraluminal obstruction

# name the type of oesophageal obstruction within the wall; inflammatory lesion (abscess, granulation tissue), fibrosis or neoplasia

intramural obstruction

# name the type of oesophageal obstruction outside the wall; vascular ring anomaly; persistent R aortic arch constrict oesophagus and leads to megaoesophagus cranially; also pressure from abscess, hematoma, neoplasm

extrinsic obstruction

# name the type of oesophagitis damage from gastric acid due to gastro-oesophageal reflux or vomiting

reflux oesophagitis

# name the oesophageal neoplasm caused by bovine papillomavirus type 4 (in cattle); may transform into squamous cell carcinomas with concurrent exposure to bracken fern toxins

papilloma

# name the oesophageal neoplasm espcially in cats; concentric ("ring") carcinomas of the oesophagus

squamous cell carcinoma

# name the oesophageal neoplasm benign tumor of oesophageal smooth muscle

leiomyoma

this is the failure of ruminants to expel fermentation gases

ruminal tympany (bloat)

# name the type of bloat formation of stable foam in rumen from ingestion of high-protein. lucerne/clover or high soncentrate/low roughage diets

primary (frothy bloat)

# name the type of bloat mechanical/functional obstruction of oesophagus (oesophageal disease/lesions) causing the inability to expel gas

secondary

this is caused from excess carbohydrates leading to an increased population of gram positive cocci leading to increased volatile fatty acid and lactic acid production leading to a reduced pH (<5) | (pathology of ruminant forestomachs)

ruminal acidosis (grain overload)

this is caused from the ingestion of sharp objects which can accumulate in the ventral reticulum; may be forced through the wall of the reticulum by ruminoreticulum contractions

traumatic reticulitis

# name the ruminant forestomach neoplasm caused by bovine papillomavirus type 4

papilloma

# name the ruminant forestomach neoplasm develops from papillomas in cattle in association with ingested carcinogens in bracken fern

squamous cell carcinoma

# name the type of gastric obstruction foreign bodies (bones, stones, hair and wool balls, plant material)

physical obstruction

# name the type of gastric obstruction neurological causes including dysautonomia, end-stage liver disease, vagal indigestion

functional obstruction

# name the type of gastric obstruction delayed gastric emptying, persistent vomiting/regurgitation, acquired from healed ulcers (sometimes congenital hypertrophy)

pyloric stenosis

this is when the stomach is distended with gas (causing increased pressure on thoracic visera and blood vessels); stomach rotates clockwise (when viewed ventral to dorsal) - spleen is included; oesophagus is occluded and venous return in blocked

gastric dilation and volvulus (GDV)

this causes acute necrotising hemorrhagic abomasitis with emphysema of the abomasal wall

Clostridial diseases

this causes mucosal nodules (cobblestone or Morocco leather appearance), glandular hyperplasia, loss of parietal/chief cells, chronic inflammation in the abomasum

Ostertagiasis

# name the glandular stomach neoplasm most common gastric neoplasm in dogs and cats; locally aggressive, lymphatic spread to gastric lymph nodes

adenocarcinoma

# name the glandular stomach neoplasm most common gastric neoplasm in horses; arises from squamous mucosa

squamous cell carcinoma

# name the glandular stomach neoplasm arises from the interstitial cells of Cajal (dogs, cats)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors

# name the glandular stomach neoplasm smooth muscle neoplasms forming nodular masses (mainly dogs)

leiomyoma / leiomyosarcoma

this means inflammation of the small intestine

enteritis

this means the passage of feces with increased bulk and/or fluid content

diarrhea

this means inflammation of large intestine / colon

colitis

this means inflammation of small and large intestine

enterocolitis

this means inflammation of duodenum

duodenitis

this means inflammation of jejunum

jejunitis

this means inflammation of ileum

ileitis

this means inflammation of caecum

typhlitis

this means inflammation of rectum

proctitis

this is inflammation of the stomach and small intestines, whether or not the colon is also involved

gastroenteritis

# name the type of diarrhea secretion exceeds absorption

secretory diarrhea

# name the type of diarrhea increased osmotic pressure due to unabsorbed digesta

malabsorptive diarrhea

what organism causes Johne's disease?

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

# name the type of diarrhea inflammation, increased vascular permeability, oedema, loss of integrity of mucosa, leaky intercellular junctions, erosion, ulceration (interstitial fluid moves into intestinal lumen)

exudative diarrhea

name 4 causes of exudative diarrhea

1. Salmonellosis 2. Clostridial enteritis 3. Coccidiosis 4. Cyathostomiasis

# name the type of diarrhea caused by propulsants - prokinetic agents, laxatives

hypermotility diarrhea

this is the excess loss of protein into intestinal lumen leading to hypoproteinemia (may occur with severe inflammatory disease, increased mucosal permeability, lymphangiectasia)

protein losing enteropathy (PLE)

this is the incomplete occlusion of the intestinal lumen | (congenital anomaly)

stenosis

this is the complete occlusion of the intestinal lumen | (congenital anomaly)

atresia

# name the type of intestinal obstruction food impaction or foreing bodies

intraluminal impaction | (physical obstruction)

# name the type of intestinal obstruction neoplasia (may cause annular stenosis); scar tissue, abscesses, granulomas

intramural obstruction | (physical obstruction)

# name the type of intestinal obstruction adhesions, neoplasia in structures adjacent to intestine, prostatic enlargement

extrinsic obstruction | (physical obstruction)

this is the displacement of intestine through a foramina; most are external

hernia

# name the type of hernia hernia contents are freely moveable (usually no adverse sequelae)

reducible

# name the type of hernia small intestine and contents trapped (non-reducible); obstruction of venous drainage, congestion, oedema, adhesons, obstruction of lumen, rupture, peritonitis, death

incarceration

this is the twisting of the intestine around its mesenteric axis

volvulus

this is the rotation of the intestine along its long axis

torsion

this is the telescoping of one segment of bowel into another

intussusception

intestinal hypoxia for this long can cause separation of epithelium from basement membrane

10-30 min

intestinal hypoxia for this long can cause destruction of villi

1-2 h

intestinal hypoxia for this long can cause necrosis of crypt cells

2 h

mucosa will be entirely necrotic this long after intestinal hypoxia

4-5 h

# name the intestinal neoplasm in small and large intestine; usually grow into lumen, benign and polyp-like

intestinal adenoma/polyp

# name the intestinal neoplasm malignancy of intestinal epithelial cells; aggressive, spread via lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes, lungs or liver

intestinal adenocarcinoma

# name the intestinal neoplasm diffuse infiltration by neoplastic lymphocytes

lymphoma (lymphosarcoma)

# name the intestinal neoplasm interstitial cells of Cajal; needs to be differentiated from leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma and fibroma/fibrosarcoma

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

# name the type of peritonitis increased fluid in abdominal cavity, often with neutrophils (suppurative) or fibrin (fibrinous) adherent to serosal surfaces

acute peritonitis

# name the type of peritonitis fibrous adhesions on serosal surfaces, omentum, mesentery, peritoneum

chronic peritonitis

name 4 causes of peritonitis

1. chemical 2. bacterial 3. viral 4. parasitic

# name the type of viral peritonitis high-protein exudate in peritoneal cavity

wet (effusive) form

# name the type of viral peritonitis white miliary granulomas and fibrin on serosal surfaces; infiltration by lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages

dry (non-effusive) form

# name the peritoneum neoplasm arise from serosa

mesotheliomas

# name the peritoneum neoplasm arise from mesentery; can become large and pedunculates and may lead to strangulation of intestine

lipomas

# name the peritoneum neoplasm trancoelomic spread of ovarian carcinomas, bile duct carcinomas, pancreatic carcinomas, intestinal adenocarcinomas, gastric squamous cell carcinomas

secondary tumors

# name the degenerative change in the liver this is the first manifestation of cell injury, microscopic; energy production decreases, membrane pumps fail from lack of ATP, intracellular water accumulates and hepatocytes swell; reversible

hydropic degeneration (cloudy swelling)

# name the degenerative change/accumulation in the liver lipid accumulates in cytoplasm of injured hepatocytes (unable to metabolise/function normally); reversible but may progress to irreversible

fatty change

name 3 gross features of fatty change in the liver

1. pale yellow 2. greasy 3. friable

# name the degenerative change/accumulation in the liver hepatocytes distended by "feathery" cytoplasmic vacuoles which do NOT displace the nucelus; excessive glycogen accumulation in presence of high levels of corticosteroids; initially reversible

Steroid-induced hepatopathy

# name the pattern of hepatocellular necrosis necrosis of individual cells (some types of viral hepatitis)

single-cell necrosis

# name the pattern of hepatocellular necrosis randomly distributed without obvious relationship to lobular pattern (viral and bacterial agents most common)

focal to multifocal necrosis

# name the pattern of hepatocellular necrosis necrosis of whole lobules (not the whole liver), including cells and connective tissue scaffold

massive lobular necrosis

name 2 hepatocyte responses to hepatic damage

1. hypertrophy of surviving hepatocytes 2. hyperplasia of existing mature hepatocytes

this represents an abnormal proliferative response following hepatic damage in which hepatocytes fail to form well organized cords and lobules, and there is a lack of portal triads (portal areas)

nodular regeneration

this is a common incidental finding in older dogs; discrete, unencapsulated nodules of hepatocytes which retain some lobular architecture, including portal areas (portal triads), with some organization of hepatocyte cords

nodular hyperplasia

this is diffuse, irreversible, end-stage hepatic disease; combo of hepatocyte destruction, nodular regeneration, biliary hyperplasia, and bridging fibrosis with portal-centrilobular vascular anastomoses

cirrhosis

# name the developmental condition of the liver isolated or clustered cysts formed from bile ductules

congenital cysts (biliary cysts)

# name the developmental condition of the liver anomalous development of portal vein either prior to the liver (extrahepatic) or within the liver (intrahepatic); features are liver and portal vein hypoplasia

porto-systemic shunts

# name the acquired disturbance of hepatic circulation dilation of groups of sinusoids filled with blood (incidental finding in cattle and cats)

telangiectasis

total rapid obstruction of this blood vessel results in death; partial or slowly progressive occlusion leads to atrophy of lobe(s) of liver, depending on development of accessory portal circulation

portal vein

this is inflammation of the liver parenchyma

hepatitis

name at least 4 bacteria that cause hepatitis

1. Salmonella spp. 2. Escherichia coli 3. Listeria monocytogenes 4. Campylobacter fetus 5. Mannheimia haemolytica 6. Fusobacterium necrophorum 7. Clostridium piliforme 8. Clostridium novyi 9. Leptospirosis 10. Actinobacillosis 11. Tuberculosis/mycobacteriosis

name 2 causes of viral hepatitis

1. infectious canine hepatitis virus (canine adenovirus type 1) 2. equine herpesvirus type 1

name 3 protozoal causes of hepatitis

1. Toxoplasma gondii 2. Leishmania spp. 3. Eimeria stiedae

name a fungal cause of hepatitis

Aspergillus fumigatus

name a parasitic cause of hepatitis

acute fascioliasis (liver fluke)

name 3 acute toxic hepatopathies

1. adverse drug reactions 2. acute copper poisoning 3. toxic blue-green algae

# name the biliary disease usually an ascending infection; infiltrates of lymphocytes in portal tracts, together with bile duct proliferation and portal fibosis

cholangitis

this is inflammation of the biliary tree AND hepatocellular parenchyma

cholangiohepatitis

# name the biliary disease inflammation of gall bladder; often ascending bacterial infection from the duodenum

cholecystitis

# name the biliary disease hyperplasia of the gall bladder wall and lining epithelium with mucin production; may become severely distended and can rupture

cystic mucinous hyperplasia

# name the biliary disease gall stones; uncommon in domestic animals but occur in dogs and cats and may be incidental finding in cattle

cholelithiasis

name 3 sequelae for acute pancreatic necrosis ("necrotising pancreatitis")

1. resolution 2. chronic relapsing pancreatitis 3. diabetes mellitus