respiratory part 5 Flashcards
Blood in the airways during exercise
cause?
predispoing factor?
Life threatening?
Exercise-induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH)
Intense training and exertion
racehorses
yes
broken due to intense pressure and exercise
Blood in the airways after exercise
Push out the PCM
Capillary stress failure
Inflammatory reaction
Burst towards alveoli (electron microscope)
Pulmonary capillary membrane
Some do not show epistaxis unless severe
Some show when they are recovered (small streaks blood coming out of the nose) t/f
t
thickened walls and interstitia in lungs → lungs cannot expand as much → less air perfusion going in and out of lungs → less ability to breathe
= tell the owner and breeder that the horse is not for exercise
Lung fibrosis:
high intensity exercise –> high ___ pressure
High pulmonary venous pressure (
flecks or narrow streams what grade?
1
long streams <1/3 circ what grade?
2
multiple streams >90% tracheal surface what grade?
4 (streams coalesce, form one big stream → one big clot more severe than streaks)
multiple streams ?1/3 circ
3 (w/o blood pooling)
Check on the efficiency of lungs lobes; to check which lobes are more predisposed with EIPH
If it is an issue with airway flow
Pulmonary Function Testing
Check contents of exudate missed by endoscope
Blood, bacteria, antigen (allergen)
this can also be done in EIPH
Bronchoalveolar lavage
necropsy
treatment for ongoing EIPH infexn
Inflamma rxn or disease:
+ 2 IV lines direct sa ____ vein for rehydration
____packs on nose or body
___suppplementation
Tranexamic acid: 5-25 mg/kg PO 10mg/kg IV if ongoing or more to effect
NSAIDs or corticosteroids that is injectable
jugular
cold
oxygen
prevention for EIPH
give this 4hrs pre exerxise
also give to ongoing infecn t/f
Furosemide: 0.5-1 mg/kg IV
- Prevents EIPH by reducing overall bp in horse
Given pre-race; 3-4 hrs pre-exercise
Lower overall water content of horse’s body → lower chance of pressure buildu
f- Do not give on an ongoing case of EIPH
Bleeding and dehydration
Too much dose: no energy to work/run
antibiotics for equines
Bacteriostatic
ECSTaTiC
erythro
clinda
sulfo
trimetop
tetracyc
chloram
bacteriocidal
VPFCCM
vanco
penici
fluoroquino
cephalos
carbapenem
metronid
most commonly used
Streptococcal infections (strangles), flu, respiratory diseases
Penicillins
Procaine or Benzyl penicillin
22,000 IU/kg (22 mg/kg) q6-12h
3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotic
Very strong drug
Allergy test first because some horses can have allergy
Ceftiofur
2.2-4.4 mg/kg q12-24h (10 mg/kg IV q6h)
Anaerobic coverage
Broad spectrum
DO NOT GIVE IV - FATAL
doxy
Avoid giving IM: nakakasunog ng muscles of horses
Pigs and ruminants usually no problem
More careful in horses
enrofloxacin7.5 mg/kg q24h PO or SLOW IV
Avoid giving IM: nakakasunog ng muscles of horses
Pigs and ruminants usually no problem
More careful in horses
enrofloxacin7.5 mg/kg q24h PO or SLOW IV
GIT infections
Excellent anaerobic activity
Metronidazole
25 mg/kg q12h PO
Eye drops
Mild topical skin infections
Avoid large doses oral or injected = nephrotoxic (common boards question)
Aminoglycosides
Used only when penicillin does not work
Works within a week
Recovery within 5-7 days even intense infections wherein it reached the lungs (based on Doc experience)
ceftiofur
Can be used with horses with slight renal failure
Distributes well in urinary and peritoneal parts of the body
doxy 10 mg/kg q12h
Synergistic with aminoglycosides and beta lactams
Avoid giving aminoglycosides in horses
Large doses: nephrotoxic
Enrofloxacin
7.5 mg/kg q24h PO or SLOW IV
Synergistic with aminoglycosides and beta lactams
Avoid giving aminoglycosides in horses
Large doses: nephrotoxic
Enrofloxacin
7.5 mg/kg q24h PO or SLOW IV
