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EQUINE MED MBTC > genito urinary problems pt. 2 > Flashcards

genito urinary problems pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

urinary problems are worse in male horses than in females if there is inflammation t/f

A

f - worse sa mares

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2
Q

Urine volume (ml) × Urine creatinine (mg/dl) ÷
Time (min) × Serum creatinine (mg/dl) × BW (kg)
Result expressed as ml/min/kg

Normal for Equines: ______

Decreased results means = decreased

A

creatinine clearance (better measure for kidney clearance)
- How well the body is clearing CRT through the glomerulus (GFR)

1.38-1.87 ml/min/Kg

decreased GFR

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3
Q

normal urination stance

Urine can be semi-viscous and opaque depending on the diet (not due to UTI all the time) t/f

A

check pic sa gdocs

t-If opaque:
CaCO3 crystals suspended in urine
High intake of certain electrolytes e.g., Calcium

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4
Q

horses with UT dz usually presents with ____ and _____

signs:

A

weight loss and abnormal urination

abnormal urine
Fever
-Spike if may bacterial infexn
Anorexia
Depression
Ventral edema
-Fluid accumulation
Scalding or staining (photo)
-Telltale sign of issues with urinary system
-With pus
PUPD

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5
Q

Inc. Urine production
* Renal Disease
* Diabetes
* Pituitary adenoma

Inc. Urine frequency
* Estrus
* Cystitis
* Calculi

excessive thirst

A

polyuria

pollakiuria

polydipsia

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6
Q

Due to urine and consistency is hot or warm → scaled → tender perineum when touched, slightly burned → skin infxns (especially when rubbed on rough objects)
Pus within the area

A

scalding

check pic

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7
Q

Pain internally more than discomfort
General pain

May be normal, may be not (if not the usual morning stretch)
To Alleviate pain more caudally in abdomen

A

pawing/colic

caudal abdominal area stretching (Check pic)

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8
Q

3 ways to examine the urinary system

A
  1. Hx & PE
    Collect info.
    Examine, palpate
  2. Blood Tests
    Hematology
    Serum Biochemistry
  3. Imaging
    Additional tests to specify Dx
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9
Q

Most common and most important sign to be noted in urinary system problems

More serious generally
Renal dz, pituitary involved → more severe if polyuria

A

PUPD

true polyuria

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10
Q

Enlargement and pain only observed
-pain
-enlargment

Firmness, shrinkage and surface irregularity

A

ARF

CRF

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11
Q

Ultz
Right kidney: _____ICS (dorsal & superficial)
Left kidney: ______CS (deep to spleen)

A

15-17th

right: near tuber coxae

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12
Q

2 ways in collecting urine

A

free catch (most common)
urine bag (At most (max) 20-30 mins lab evaluation (for crystal ID) after collection)

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13
Q

6 common urinary concerns

A

PUPD (most common)
incontinence
kidny dz and injury
urolithiasis
hematuria
UTI

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14
Q

3 common urinary PROBLEMS

A

kidney
Routine-
induced
Acute or
Chronic
- Left kidney - in situ near the base of spleen
Right kidney - near base of cecum

Urine
Crystals
UTI

lepto
Leptospira
sp.
Infection

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15
Q

Nephrotoxic Substances
* Anorexic, Depressed
* Failure to produce urine
* Proteinuria ++; Low SG; Hematuria
*Creatinine - can spike crazily/ too high
x5-7 values
*Spike in kidney values
Severe impairment of filtration
Quick lethargy - acute occurrence

A

acute kdiney dz

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16
Q

Long-term Mismanagement
* Weight Loss
* Edema; Hypo-Na & Hypo-Cl
* PUPD
*Less area that can filter blood
Start to get blocked and necrotic

A

chronic kidney dz

check pics!!

17
Q

shape of horse kidney

A

heart

18
Q

AKF
Nitrogenous waste buildup
Sometimes nagc-colic due to this

crea value:

Causes of akf

A

azotemia

1.7mg/dl or higher

  1. Nephrotoxic substances
    2. Obstructive
    Crystals
    Stones
    If kidney is hit/kicked by other horses
  2. Hemodynamic (rare)
    Blood pressure problem or hypovolemia, thrombosis (rarer)
19
Q

Common toxins: that can cause AKF

A

NSAIDs, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, oral antifungals, hemoglobi-/myoglobi-nuria
Common: NSAID excess/overdose
NSAID commonly used in horses e.g., fractures, pain, etc.
Not monitored steroid use
Sulfonamides: improper dosage, prolonged use
Aminoglycosides: most risky when used orally in horses – can cause acute kidney disease

20
Q

Progressive loss of nephrons = dec GFR
Inc. solute filtration & diuresis
Very incapacitated
→ PUPD
Dec. water resorption
→ PUPD
Poor diets; poor acid base balance

A

CKF

21
Q

clinical signs of CKF

A

Anorexia, wasting, peripheral edema
Not just on the ventral abdomen but on other body areas e.g., edematous legs
Oral issues
Poor CRT
Irregular kidneys, purulent urine

22
Q

tx for AKD/F

A

Fluids: Correct imbalances

10-15L/day (5L/hr)
Common in equine practice: In one hour, can use up to 5-10 IV bags; can use one entire box of NSS
Hang full drip (no computation of drip rate); fully loose
NSS - default use
Fluid of choice can be altered depending on electrolyte needs of the case

Underlying disease/s

Discontinue toxins (Drugs)
Phenylbutazone
NSAIDs etc.

23
Q

tx for CKF

A

Fluids: Electrolyte supp.

Dietary adjustment (Protein <10%)
Less protein, more carbs, more fat
Pellets different types available
High calorie count (high energy count) usually for racing horses
If at rest, breeding, → less frequency of feeding to adjust amount of protein

Underlying infection
Discontinue over supp/medication
Calcium or other supplements that can cause kidney problems
Horse treats (carrots to horse treats high in protein)

24
Q

key treatment

A

Kidney flushed of toxins, poor diet?
Fix Electrolyte imbalance
Hydrate

25
Q

To help kidney recover
To protect the kidney
Herbal supplements: Berry, garlic, camomile

A

supportive medication

26
Q

Spirochete bacteria infection, zoonotic

A

leptospirosis

27
Q

clinical signs of lepto

A

Elevated blood counts
pus-filled urine
Fever
Abortion
Urinary issues ***

28
Q

Most commonly reported strains in Ph lepto

A

Pomona & and icterohaemorrhagiae, hardjo

29
Q

can be caused by many causes including lepto
tell-tale sign na lepto

A

uveitis/moon blindness

30
Q

jaundiced gums, uveitis, fever, high RR

A

suspected lepto

31
Q

other signs of lepto

A

abortion, (mid to late term), birth of unthrifty foals, appettie loss, low fever (102F), petechiae

32
Q

tx of lepto: antimicrobial thx

matapng for horses:

A

penicillins, cephalosporins, enrofloxacin, doxycycline

enro: Matapang for the horse
Iniinda ang antibiotic
Cases of abscessation can be observed in injection sites of enrofloxacin
Intense microbials

33
Q

other tx for lepto

abortion cases:

A

Fluid therapy
* Anti-inflammatories
If UT, GIT, and blood is affected
Cytokine storm; modulate dose and check if the kidneys can bear the meds
Oral or injected

  • Supportive meds
  • Reproductive tract cleaning
  • STABLE CLEANING

DNC

34
Q

very important because this is how you prevent lepto repeatedly

A

stable cleaning

35
Q

vaccine for lepto

A

leptospira pomona bacterin

EQUINE MED MBTC (8 decks)

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