genito urinary problems pt. 2 Flashcards
urinary problems are worse in male horses than in females if there is inflammation t/f
f - worse sa mares
Urine volume (ml) × Urine creatinine (mg/dl) ÷
Time (min) × Serum creatinine (mg/dl) × BW (kg)
Result expressed as ml/min/kg
Normal for Equines: ______
Decreased results means = decreased
creatinine clearance (better measure for kidney clearance)
- How well the body is clearing CRT through the glomerulus (GFR)
1.38-1.87 ml/min/Kg
decreased GFR
normal urination stance
Urine can be semi-viscous and opaque depending on the diet (not due to UTI all the time) t/f
check pic sa gdocs
t-If opaque:
CaCO3 crystals suspended in urine
High intake of certain electrolytes e.g., Calcium
horses with UT dz usually presents with ____ and _____
signs:
weight loss and abnormal urination
abnormal urine
Fever
-Spike if may bacterial infexn
Anorexia
Depression
Ventral edema
-Fluid accumulation
Scalding or staining (photo)
-Telltale sign of issues with urinary system
-With pus
PUPD
Inc. Urine production
* Renal Disease
* Diabetes
* Pituitary adenoma
Inc. Urine frequency
* Estrus
* Cystitis
* Calculi
excessive thirst
polyuria
pollakiuria
polydipsia
Due to urine and consistency is hot or warm → scaled → tender perineum when touched, slightly burned → skin infxns (especially when rubbed on rough objects)
Pus within the area
scalding
check pic
Pain internally more than discomfort
General pain
May be normal, may be not (if not the usual morning stretch)
To Alleviate pain more caudally in abdomen
pawing/colic
caudal abdominal area stretching (Check pic)
3 ways to examine the urinary system
- Hx & PE
Collect info.
Examine, palpate - Blood Tests
Hematology
Serum Biochemistry - Imaging
Additional tests to specify Dx
Most common and most important sign to be noted in urinary system problems
More serious generally
Renal dz, pituitary involved → more severe if polyuria
PUPD
true polyuria
Enlargement and pain only observed
-pain
-enlargment
Firmness, shrinkage and surface irregularity
ARF
CRF
Ultz
Right kidney: _____ICS (dorsal & superficial)
Left kidney: ______CS (deep to spleen)
15-17th
right: near tuber coxae
2 ways in collecting urine
free catch (most common)
urine bag (At most (max) 20-30 mins lab evaluation (for crystal ID) after collection)
6 common urinary concerns
PUPD (most common)
incontinence
kidny dz and injury
urolithiasis
hematuria
UTI
3 common urinary PROBLEMS
kidney
Routine-
induced
Acute or
Chronic
- Left kidney - in situ near the base of spleen
Right kidney - near base of cecum
Urine
Crystals
UTI
lepto
Leptospira
sp.
Infection
Nephrotoxic Substances
* Anorexic, Depressed
* Failure to produce urine
* Proteinuria ++; Low SG; Hematuria
*Creatinine - can spike crazily/ too high
x5-7 values
*Spike in kidney values
Severe impairment of filtration
Quick lethargy - acute occurrence
acute kdiney dz
Long-term Mismanagement
* Weight Loss
* Edema; Hypo-Na & Hypo-Cl
* PUPD
*Less area that can filter blood
Start to get blocked and necrotic
chronic kidney dz
check pics!!
shape of horse kidney
heart
AKF
Nitrogenous waste buildup
Sometimes nagc-colic due to this
crea value:
Causes of akf
azotemia
1.7mg/dl or higher
- Nephrotoxic substances
2. Obstructive
Crystals
Stones
If kidney is hit/kicked by other horses - Hemodynamic (rare)
Blood pressure problem or hypovolemia, thrombosis (rarer)
Common toxins: that can cause AKF
NSAIDs, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, oral antifungals, hemoglobi-/myoglobi-nuria
Common: NSAID excess/overdose
NSAID commonly used in horses e.g., fractures, pain, etc.
Not monitored steroid use
Sulfonamides: improper dosage, prolonged use
Aminoglycosides: most risky when used orally in horses – can cause acute kidney disease
Progressive loss of nephrons = dec GFR
Inc. solute filtration & diuresis
Very incapacitated
→ PUPD
Dec. water resorption
→ PUPD
Poor diets; poor acid base balance
CKF
clinical signs of CKF
Anorexia, wasting, peripheral edema
Not just on the ventral abdomen but on other body areas e.g., edematous legs
Oral issues
Poor CRT
Irregular kidneys, purulent urine
tx for AKD/F
Fluids: Correct imbalances
10-15L/day (5L/hr)
Common in equine practice: In one hour, can use up to 5-10 IV bags; can use one entire box of NSS
Hang full drip (no computation of drip rate); fully loose
NSS - default use
Fluid of choice can be altered depending on electrolyte needs of the case
Underlying disease/s
Discontinue toxins (Drugs)
Phenylbutazone
NSAIDs etc.
tx for CKF
Fluids: Electrolyte supp.
Dietary adjustment (Protein <10%)
Less protein, more carbs, more fat
Pellets different types available
High calorie count (high energy count) usually for racing horses
If at rest, breeding, → less frequency of feeding to adjust amount of protein
Underlying infection
Discontinue over supp/medication
Calcium or other supplements that can cause kidney problems
Horse treats (carrots to horse treats high in protein)
key treatment
Kidney flushed of toxins, poor diet?
Fix Electrolyte imbalance
Hydrate
To help kidney recover
To protect the kidney
Herbal supplements: Berry, garlic, camomile
supportive medication
Spirochete bacteria infection, zoonotic
leptospirosis
clinical signs of lepto
Elevated blood counts
pus-filled urine
Fever
Abortion
Urinary issues ***
Most commonly reported strains in Ph lepto
Pomona & and icterohaemorrhagiae, hardjo
can be caused by many causes including lepto
tell-tale sign na lepto
uveitis/moon blindness
jaundiced gums, uveitis, fever, high RR
suspected lepto
other signs of lepto
abortion, (mid to late term), birth of unthrifty foals, appettie loss, low fever (102F), petechiae
tx of lepto: antimicrobial thx
matapng for horses:
penicillins, cephalosporins, enrofloxacin, doxycycline
enro: Matapang for the horse
Iniinda ang antibiotic
Cases of abscessation can be observed in injection sites of enrofloxacin
Intense microbials
other tx for lepto
abortion cases:
Fluid therapy
* Anti-inflammatories
If UT, GIT, and blood is affected
Cytokine storm; modulate dose and check if the kidneys can bear the meds
Oral or injected
- Supportive meds
- Reproductive tract cleaning
- STABLE CLEANING
DNC
very important because this is how you prevent lepto repeatedly
stable cleaning
vaccine for lepto
leptospira pomona bacterin
