respiratory part 4 Flashcards
Cough
Watery nasal discharge
Enlarged lymph nodes
Elevated temp 103-106F
-39.5 degrees celsius or higher
equine flu
Severity not only depends on the horse’s condition but depends on potency of virus and other factors such as age, immune system, strength , housing (living near each other), stress, exercise level etc t/f
t
dangerous (high morbidity diseases)
Brought to a race, used for breeding → spread to other horses which might not be ____
Asymptomatic carriers
Recovery varies (equine flue)
Horse with poor immune system:
: 2 weeks to 6 months
4-6 months recover fully from clinical signs
tx of equine flu
prevention of equine flu
supportive care - fluids, supplements, nutrition
Make sure animal does not lose too much muscle mass
vaccination
Not a common case in Phils. - proactive vaccination in the country
Vaccinated beginning at 6 months of age (international standard)
Booster at 4-6 weeks then vaccinated yearly
In other countries, vaccinate every 1-2 years depending on prevalence
General rule for recovery for infected horses
every one day of fever = 1 week rest from training, races, riding, general use
E.g., 3 days of fever = 3 weeks of rest
Otherwise prone to relapse
Structures that closely interact and in close proximity with the pharynx
Guttural Pouch Infection
Inflammation or infection in the upper resp system = guttural pouch at risk
The proximity of structures; direct passageways for air, substances, wind
Each pouch has a volume of
300-500 mL
Can hold a lot of mucus, fluids, bacteria
Sinisipon or a cold (yellow mucus as described by sota)
Sudden change in environment or feed
Nasal discharge
Facial inflammation
Dyspnea
if may fever?
[what predisposes the horses to the infection]
Clogged with pus, exudates → inflammation worsens → difficulty breathing
empyema or mycosis
empyema Bacterial after 3-14 days
Houses themselves in the GP → Starts shedding; either bacterial or fungi → antigens via aerosol droplets
Sudden change in environment or feed
dyspnea
if discharge is not understood, clear might be indicative of
GP infection is shed by
empyema more difficult to treat t/f
fungi
antigens via aerosol droplets
f - fungi
PE of GP _____ in the in the lymph nodes
differentitae GP from
Sometimes GP infection can happen before or after strangles
t/f
Abscessation - Accumulation of pus, bacteria, fungi in the pouches, and passageways for air
strangles
t
Upper respiratory infection → GP (more common)
Also the other way around: GP → other respiratory structures (less common) t.f
t
Thick exudates → abscess, ulcers
Ulcerate so pus can go out [D]
imaging technique for GP
GP further diagnostics
endoscopy
Bacterial or fungal isolation esp if having difficulty treating the GP infection
Accompanied by sensitivity testing
Can help deciding another antibiotic / antifungal
Give orally or give injection
which is which. bacteria or fungi
bacteria may pus
fungi may vine vine - Plaque formation to hopefully arrest the fungi from spreading into the rest of the pouch and body
main goal of GP infection
(oral meds) for gp
SAMPLE of antifungal
clear the GP
antibiotic /antifungal (oral meds)
Have a set of antifungals that can be given orally if needed (as long as able to clear the pouch, you will not be going to rely heavily on oral meds)
but if infection is really bad, can give [oral] antibiotics or antifungals while flushing the GP
NSAIDs - severe inflammation and for pain (injectable or oral)
ketoconazole , itraconazole
Problem with oral antifungals: Taxing on the liver so u cannot do it long term
_flushing of GP , use ___ then plastic ____
check anatomy of larynx!!
slits of GP direction
slits are made up of
endoscope to find opening of GP from upper respiratory tract → plastic catheter → flush liquid [NSS mixed with betadine (or any other antiseptic solution)]
Ulo ng kabayo nakababa so that flushed fluids will come back out
1 o’clock and 11 o’clock
Slits made up of fibrocartilage, look like flaps on the side
liter of NSS to flush the GP
Make sure the discharge into the upper resp do not leak back into the ___→ otherwise, will drown the horse (confine flushing to the cranial or upper respiratory area only)
1-2L
tracheaa
Equine form of asthma
Inflammatory condition
Lower respiratory tract
Due to the severity of inflammation towards the irritant or whatever causing the hypersensitivity
Hard to get oxygen and let out CO2
heaves
hypoxemia
in heaves, males are more affected than females, no age predilection. t.f
f
No sex predilection
↑ incidence : ↑ age
Rarely see in horses less than 7 years old; >7 yrs old
Hypersensitivity occurs in reaction to __________antigens
Supposedly more prevalent in tropical countries than in temperate countries t/f
thermophilic molds or actinomyces
f baliktad
Sneezing in the upper airway, inflammation extending all the way to the lower resp tract → difficulty breathing due to inflamed whole resp tract , couhhing
heaves other term
old name of heaves
western name
heaves
SEA/EAS
-SEVERE equine asthma or equine asthma syndrome
RAO
-Recurrent airway syndrome
Broken Wind (old name)
COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chronic Bronchitis
Summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disorder (Western name)
When chronic
Very distinct dark line coursing along from mid to caudal part of horse’s thorax & abdomen
Muscle exerting repeated extra effort to inhale and exhale due to hypoxemia
Inflamed lower respiratory tract → inefficient gas exchange → hypoxemia
PE of heaves
heaves line
Emaciated, bones start showing, poorer muscle tone (chronic)
normal: usuclar neck,
imaging of heaves
thickening of bronchial pattern Due to accumulation of ____inside the tracts because of intense sneezing, coughing, inflammation
Worse condition:
xray - increase in bronchial pattern
mucus
interstitial
in blood tests for heaves, everything is within normal range except in this type of horse specifcallu in what parameter
leucocytes
bulgarian draft horse
Reason: not an infection caused problem; no severe bacterial or fungal problem; only mainly inflammation
is just a severe form of asthma and inflammation of respiratory tract
heaves
More preferred in horses; compared to prednisone which is poorly absorbed in horse in GIT (unlike dogs and cats)
other corticosterioids
Prednisolone - 1-4 mg/kg
Dexamethasone - 0.05 mg/kg
alternating
Beclomethasone diprioponate - 2000 ug/500 kg (inhaler)
Fluticasone propionate - 3000ug/500 kg (inhaler)
Be careful with GCCs during laminitis cases (should be emphasized)
t/f
upon giving of cort expect reults w/n
t
Expect effect within 3-7d
