genito urinary problems pt. 3

Question 1

equine urine: Main component of their urine

Inorganic elements (Mg, Ca-oxalate)

Other organic matrix components

Answer 1

Calcium carbonate

Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate)
Calcium sulfate

formed in their urine;

Question 2

in charge of protecting the urinary tract particularly the lining of the urethra and urinary bladder

Answer 2

transitional epithelium

Question 3

Ideal: normal voiding of the urine,
but damage occurs when damage is caused by NSAID overuse, UTI, or sometimes urine stasis leads to?

Answer 3

urolith formaxn

Question 4

If horses are mismanaged (the way they are kept in a stable, the way they are exercised, or treated due to diff. diseases) → damage occurs in their urinary tract lining (esp. In their bladder, urethra) → horses become predisposed to form ___

Answer 4

uroliths/crystals

Question 5

Damage to renal parenchyma –>

Answer 5

nidus formaxn

Question 6

In horses, it is a common disease just like in dogs t/f

Answer 6

rare sa horse - f

Question 7

Pertains to macroscopic concretions of urine crystals in any portion of the urinary tract
Can occur separately or together

Crystals/ stones, general Urinary tract

Answer 7

urolithiasis

Question 8

Sandy or gritty sediment
ventral bladder

Accumulation of large urine sediments
These sediments are usually very irritating to the urinary bladder
Occurs due to gravity

Answer 8

Sabulous Urolithiasis

Question 9

check pic for normal and affected UB

Question 10

stones in sabulous uro accumulates in the ___ aspect of the bladder

Answer 10

ventral

Question 11

sab uro form into stones as well t/f

Answer 11

f - it doesn’t form into a stone unlike real urolithiasis

A separate condition that occurs secondary to bladder issues (e.g., bladder paralysis) or other urological disorders where bladder emptying is abnormal (i.e., horses aren’t able to void their urine as often as they would like)

Question 12

Buhangin na lumalabas sa ihi

Answer 12

sabulous urolithiasis

Question 13

Ideally: you would want sabulous urolithiasis urine to occur spontaneously or with the help of medicines (diuretics) or other management styles (e.g., increasing water intake → increase urine output)

Answer 13

voiding

Question 14

Male horses are commonly affected most compared to females
Males are predisposed to form urolith
t/f

Answer 14

t- (76% Geldings/ castrated)

Question 15

age of predisposed horses

Answer 15

(10.2 ± 6.5 years)
Older (usually horses over 10 y/o: 15-20 y/o; sometimes 25)

Question 16

often seen in racetrack horses because these horses are usually young (less than 10 y/o)
t/f

Answer 16

f -not often
If seen in racetrack horses → something is very wrong with their diet and/or management

Question 17

Bladder >urethra > kidneys > ureters
is this the right order? (most to least affected)

Answer 17

yes
Highest in bladder (60% of urolithiasis cases being reported)
Urethra: 24% cases
Kidneys: around 12%
Ureters: around 3-4%
Multiple occasions (i.e., not just in one location; bladder + urethra, etc.): around 9%

Question 18

Large amount of these predisposes horses

Answer 18

CaCO3 + alkaline urine

Question 19

clinical signs of urolithiasis

Answer 19

Dysuria
Hematuria (occasional)
More visible kung maraming dugo
Incontinence
Hindquarter stiffness
Mild colic
Mild abdominal pain
Abnormal penile protrusion
Reluctance to exercise

Question 20

3 tests for urolithiasis

Answer 20

Urinalysis

Rectal palpation
Feel around where bladder stones may be forming

Imaging
Ultrasonography
Find where the sediments are pooling or where the uroliths are forming

Endoscopy

Question 21

Complete calculi removal anywhere in the urinary tract
The best: if you can flush it completely without further damaging the urethra or bladder lining; thus, not making horses predisposed to recurrence

Answer 21

urolithiasis therapeutic goal

Question 22

conservative MOT: diet correction
decrease 2 things

change __ hay to ____

hay that decrease ____

can also add__

Answer 22

dietary calcium
intake of lithium hay

grass to alfala

calcium carbonate crystals in their urine

acidifying agents to horses diet, but this is tricky

Question 23

2nd conservative MOT

add this to make them drink more

Answer 23

electrolyte supplementation

Sodium chloride (salt) as a concentrate to their feed

Question 24

predisposes horses to urolith formation

Answer 24

NSAIDs

Question 25

Help clear out urinary bladder and urethra of any crystals or sediments that are forming

Answer 25

Catheterization

Question 26

More direct, more drastic
Open up the horse → remove bladder stone/ flush out forming stones
Consider the risks and welfare issues

Answer 26

surgical MOT

Question 27

Horse is lying down on its back → open up the ventral abdomen → open up the bladder → remove stone
Basic ___- hassle procedure; UB is just over the pelvic brim → have to enlarge it with fluid if you want to access the UB

Answer 27

recumbent celiotomy

Question 28

Utilization of endoscopes to guide the surgery

in male horses - preferred treatment for urolithiasis; safer, doesn’t have issues of opening up the entire abdomen of the horse

Answer 28

Laparoscopic cystotomy*

Laparocystotomy

Question 29

Standing surgeries (highly sedated horses)

Answer 29

Perineal
Para-rectal
Gives access to the bladder
Only open up the bladder → remove stones → flush out bladder, urethra

Question 30

Urolithiasis Surgery

Answer 30

Bladder stone removal

Question 31

Laparocystotomy procedure have __ incision sites

Answer 31

4

Question 32

in pararectal approach, you cut____

Answer 32

pararectally

Question 33

UB is carefully exteriorized while avoiding certain arteries, veins, and nerves . what is this called?

Answer 33

pudendal set