genito urinary problems pt. 3 Flashcards
equine urine: Main component of their urine
Inorganic elements (Mg, Ca-oxalate)
Other organic matrix components
Calcium carbonate
Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate)
Calcium sulfate
formed in their urine;
in charge of protecting the urinary tract particularly the lining of the urethra and urinary bladder
transitional epithelium
Ideal: normal voiding of the urine,
but damage occurs when damage is caused by NSAID overuse, UTI, or sometimes urine stasis leads to?
urolith formaxn
If horses are mismanaged (the way they are kept in a stable, the way they are exercised, or treated due to diff. diseases) → damage occurs in their urinary tract lining (esp. In their bladder, urethra) → horses become predisposed to form ___
uroliths/crystals
Damage to renal parenchyma –>
nidus formaxn
In horses, it is a common disease just like in dogs t/f
rare sa horse - f
Pertains to macroscopic concretions of urine crystals in any portion of the urinary tract
Can occur separately or together
Crystals/ stones, general Urinary tract
urolithiasis
Sandy or gritty sediment
ventral bladder
Accumulation of large urine sediments
These sediments are usually very irritating to the urinary bladder
Occurs due to gravity
Sabulous Urolithiasis
check pic for normal and affected UB
stones in sabulous uro accumulates in the ___ aspect of the bladder
ventral
sab uro form into stones as well t/f
f - it doesn’t form into a stone unlike real urolithiasis
A separate condition that occurs secondary to bladder issues (e.g., bladder paralysis) or other urological disorders where bladder emptying is abnormal (i.e., horses aren’t able to void their urine as often as they would like)
Buhangin na lumalabas sa ihi
sabulous urolithiasis
Ideally: you would want sabulous urolithiasis urine to occur spontaneously or with the help of medicines (diuretics) or other management styles (e.g., increasing water intake → increase urine output)
voiding
Male horses are commonly affected most compared to females
Males are predisposed to form urolith
t/f
t- (76% Geldings/ castrated)
age of predisposed horses
(10.2 ± 6.5 years)
Older (usually horses over 10 y/o: 15-20 y/o; sometimes 25)
often seen in racetrack horses because these horses are usually young (less than 10 y/o)
t/f
f -not often
If seen in racetrack horses → something is very wrong with their diet and/or management
Bladder >urethra > kidneys > ureters
is this the right order? (most to least affected)
yes
Highest in bladder (60% of urolithiasis cases being reported)
Urethra: 24% cases
Kidneys: around 12%
Ureters: around 3-4%
Multiple occasions (i.e., not just in one location; bladder + urethra, etc.): around 9%
Large amount of these predisposes horses
CaCO3 + alkaline urine
clinical signs of urolithiasis
Dysuria
Hematuria (occasional)
More visible kung maraming dugo
Incontinence
Hindquarter stiffness
Mild colic
Mild abdominal pain
Abnormal penile protrusion
Reluctance to exercise
3 tests for urolithiasis
Urinalysis
Rectal palpation
Feel around where bladder stones may be forming
Imaging
Ultrasonography
Find where the sediments are pooling or where the uroliths are forming
Endoscopy
Complete calculi removal anywhere in the urinary tract
The best: if you can flush it completely without further damaging the urethra or bladder lining; thus, not making horses predisposed to recurrence
urolithiasis therapeutic goal
conservative MOT: diet correction
decrease 2 things
change __ hay to ____
hay that decrease ____
can also add__
dietary calcium
intake of lithium hay
grass to alfala
calcium carbonate crystals in their urine
acidifying agents to horses diet, but this is tricky
2nd conservative MOT
add this to make them drink more
electrolyte supplementation
Sodium chloride (salt) as a concentrate to their feed
predisposes horses to urolith formation
NSAIDs
Help clear out urinary bladder and urethra of any crystals or sediments that are forming
Catheterization
More direct, more drastic
Open up the horse → remove bladder stone/ flush out forming stones
Consider the risks and welfare issues
surgical MOT
Horse is lying down on its back → open up the ventral abdomen → open up the bladder → remove stone
Basic ___- hassle procedure; UB is just over the pelvic brim → have to enlarge it with fluid if you want to access the UB
recumbent celiotomy
Utilization of endoscopes to guide the surgery
in male horses - preferred treatment for urolithiasis; safer, doesn’t have issues of opening up the entire abdomen of the horse
Laparoscopic cystotomy*
Laparocystotomy
Standing surgeries (highly sedated horses)
Perineal
Para-rectal
Gives access to the bladder
Only open up the bladder → remove stones → flush out bladder, urethra
Urolithiasis Surgery
Bladder stone removal
Laparocystotomy procedure have __ incision sites
4
in pararectal approach, you cut____
pararectally
UB is carefully exteriorized while avoiding certain arteries, veins, and nerves . what is this called?
pudendal set
