Respiratory Organs Flashcards
1
Q
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
A
- Pulmonary Ventilation
- External Respiration
- Internal Respiration
- Gas Transport
2
Q
- Commonly referred to as breathing
- Movement of air into and out of the lungs/respiratory passages
A
Ventilation
3
Q
diffusion of gases across cell membranes
A
Respiration
4
Q
- movement of gases between atmospheric air in the lungs and the blood
- occurs at the alveoli
- oxygen moves out of the alveolar air into blood while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and joins the air in the alveoli
A
External Respiration
5
Q
movement of gasses between the blood and the body’s cells
A
Internal respiration
6
Q
Carbon dioxide and oxygen travel in the blood to and from the cells
A
Gas transport
7
Q
Upper respiratory tract
A
nose to the larynx (External nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx)
8
Q
Lower respiratory tract
A
trachea through the alveoli in the lungs (trachea, bronchi, lungs)
9
Q
encompasses the structures from the nose to the smallest air tubes within the lungs and is strictly for ventilation
A
Conducting Zone
10
Q
- solely within the lungs and includes some specialized air tubes and the alveoli
- where gas exchange occurs
A
Respiratory Zone
11
Q
Functions of the respiratory system aside from respiration
A
- Regulation of blood pH
- Production of chemical mediators
- Voice production
- Olfaction
- Protection
12
Q
The nose consists of
A
external nose and nasal cavity
13
Q
- visible structure that forms a prominent feature of the face
- encloses the chamber for air inspiration
A
external nose
14
Q
- jutting external portion of the nose is supported by
A
bone and cartilage
15
Q
- open chamber of the nose where air first enters the respiratory system
- cleaning, warming, and humidifying chamber for inspired air
A
nasal cavity
16
Q
the nasal cavity begins at anterior external openings called the
A
nares or nostrils
17
Q
the posterior openings into the pharynx where the nares extends to
A
choanae
18
Q
the floor of the nasal cavity which separates it from the oral cavity of the mouth
A
hard palate
19
Q
a wall of tissue that divides the nasal cavity into left and right halves
A
nasal septum
20
Q
The anterior part of the nasal septum is composed of _______ while the posterior part consists of ______
A
cartilage
bone
21
Q
- three lateral boney ridges
- used to be named turbinate bones
- acts as “wind turbines”
- helps air churn through the nasal cavity
A
Conchae
22
Q
for tear drainage from the surface of the eye
A
nasolacrimal
23
Q
air-filled spaces located within the bones of the skull and face
A
paranasal sinuses
24
Q
what are the four paranasal sinuses
A
frontal
sphenoid
ethmoid
maxillary
25
functions of the nose
1. provides an airway for respiration (passageway for air)
2. moistens and warms entering air (humidifies)
3. filters and cleans inspired air
4. serves as a resonating chamber for speech (helps determine voice sound)
5. houses the olfactory (smell) receptors
26
- sensory organ for smell
- located in the most superior part of the nasal cavity
olfactory epithelium
27
- Common passageway of both respiratory and digestive systems.
- Approximately 13cm in length extending from the base of the skull to the sixth vertebrae
- also called as throat
Pharynx
28
three regions of the pharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
29
- most superior portion of the pharynx
- passageway for air only
- extends from choanae to uvula
- posterior to the nasal cavity
- superior to the soft palate
nasopharynx
30
- incomplete partition composed of muscle and connective tissue
- separates nasopharynx and oropharynx
- prevents swallowed materials from entering the nasopharynx and the nasal cavity
- pushes food and other materials to the back of the pharynx
- its posterior wall houses the pharyngeal tonsil
nasopharynx
31
- food and air passageway but mostly food
- Extends from epiglottis to esophagus
- few air passes through to prevent too much gas content in the digestive tract
laryngopharynx
32
- passageway for both air and food
- middle portion of the pharynx
-extends from the choanae to the epiglottis to oral cavity
- lined by stratified squamous epithelium which prevents abrasion
- houses the palatine and lingual tonsils
oropharynx
33
Sneeze Reflex
1. When foreign substances enter the nasal cavity, the sensory receptors will be stimulated, causing action potentials to be made
2. The action potentials will be carried by sensory neurons to the trigeminal nerve and medulla oblongata to be processed.
3. The motor neurons will carry the action potential that will cause the uvula and soft palate to move inferiorly and open the airway (sneeze)
34
Photic sneeze reflex (ACHOO)
1.Exposure to bright lights can stimulate nasal membranes, which will then cause sensory receptors to be stimulated as well, resulting into action potentials
2. The action potentials will be carried by sensory neurons to the trigeminal nerve and medulla oblongata to be processed.
3. The motor neurons will carry the action potential that will cause the uvula and soft palate to move inferiorly and open the airway (sneeze)
35
What does ACHOO stand for
Autosomal-Dominant Compelling Helio Ophthalmic Outburst
36
- Also known as the voice box
- located in the anterior part of the laryngopharynx
- extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea
- its rigid walls maintain an open passageway between the pharynx and the trachea
- its rigidity is due to an outer casing of the nine cartilages
- approximately 5cm extending from the 3rd cervical to the 6th cervical vertebrae
larynx
37
unpaired cartilages of the larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis
38
- Largest cartilage
- attached to the hyoid bone
- Adam's apple
Thyroid cartilage
39
- inferior to the thyroid
- forms the base of the pharynx
- hyaline cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
40
- freely movable flap
- elastic cartilage than hyaline
- prevents food from entering the trachea (windpipe) when swallowing
epiglottis
41
what are the paired cartilages of the larynx
Cuneiform
Corniculate
Arytenoid
42
Folds of the larynx
Vestibular folds
Vocal folds
43
- no role in sound production
- fake vocal cords
- prevent air from leaving the lungs when they come together or upon closure
Vestibular folds
44
- primary source of sound production
- air moving pass it cause it to vibrate and produce sound
Vocal cords
45
males usually have lower pitched voices because
longer vocal folds
46
What are the functions of the larynx?
1. Maintains an open passageway for air movement
2. Prevents swallowed materials from entering the larynx and lower respiratory tract
3. Produces sound for speech
4. Protects the lower respiratory tract from foreign materials
47
- commonly known as the windpipe
- allows air to flow into the lungs
- Descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum
- Located anterior to the esophagus and spine.
- Consists of connective tissue and smooth muscle
- Has 16-20 C-shaped cartilages
Trachea
48
What is the function of the tracheal rings?
supports the trachea and prevent it from collapsing
49
- a thick band/bundles of smooth muscle that bridges the ends of each of the c-shaped cartilage rings
- can narrow/constrict the trachea, allowing air to be expelled with more force, such as during coughing.
trachealis muscle
50
cough reflex
1. When foreign substances enter the trachea, the sensory receptors will be stimulated, causing action potentials to be made
2. The action potentials will be carried by sensory neurons to the vagus nerve and medulla oblongata to be processed.
3. The motor neurons will carry the action potential that will cause the trachea to decrease in size to allow short travel of air outside (cough)
51
why is the trachea lined with pseudostratified columnar?
pseudostratified columnar is made up of cilia and goblet cells, wherein the cilia sweeps away the mucus produced by goblet cells. However, if constant irritation of the trachea due to smoking and dust inhalation, the pseudostratified columnar can be replaced by squamous epithelia which is not ciliated.
52
- the end of the trachea (tracheal bifurcation)
- ridge of cartilage where the trachea divides into two main bronchi
- important landmark for reading x-rays
carina
53
- two large tubes that carry air from the trachea, each extending to a lung
- the left is more horizontal because it is crowded by the heart
- the right is more vertical, shorter, and wider
bronchi
54
consist of the trachea and network of air tubes in the lungs
tracheobronchial tree
55
The four classes of air passageway (bronchi) listed from largest to smallest
- main bronchi (primary bronchi)
- secondary bronchi (lobar bronchi)
- tertiary bronchi (segmental bronchi)
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
56
occurs when smooth muscle relaxes, making the bronchiole diameter larger
bronchodilation
57
occurs when the smooth muscle contracts, making the bronchiole diameter smaller
bronchoconstriction
58
- Principal organs of respiration
- among the largest organ
- conical in shape
- Base: resting on the diaphragm
- Apex: extending superiorly to a point about 2.5 cm above the clavicle
lungs
59
lobes of the lungs
left: 2
right: 3
60
- indentation on the medial surface of the lug
- all structure passing through it are referred to as the root of the lung
hilum
61
medial indentation of the left lung
cardiac notch
62
division of the lungs
lobes > bronchopulmonary segments > lobules
63
blood that has pass through the lungs is called _____ while blood that has pass through the tissues is called ________
oxygenated blood
deoxygenated blood
64
tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in size
lung recoil
65
Why does lung recoil occur?
1. connective tissue of lungs is made up of elastic fibers
2. alveoli has surface tension (elastic property of fluid surface wherein water molecules are attracted to each other. since alveoli in the lungs has surface tension, water molecules compress, as well as alveoli.
66
what is important to reduce surface tension and why is reducing surface tension important?
surfactant
too much surface tension can lead to lung collapse
67
- the site of gas exchange
- small, air-filled chambers where the air and blood come in close contact with each other
alveoli
68
- formed by the alveolar walls and surrounding pulmonary capillaries
- location of external expiration
Respiratory membrane
69
- formed by the alveolar walls and surrounding pulmonary capillaries
- location of external expiration
- extremely thin to facilitate diffusion of gases
Respiratory membrane
70
Exchange of gas across respiratory membrane is influenced by:
- Respiratory membrane thickness (must not be too thick)
- Surface area (must be large)
- Lining of the alveolar sac (must be moist)
71
- each houses a lung
- lined with a serous membrane
pleural cavity
72
serous membrane that lines the chest/thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm
parietal pleura
73
serous membrane that lines the surface of the lungs
visceral pleura
