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Anatomy and Physiology > Respiratory Organs > Flashcards

Respiratory Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Pulmonary Ventilation
  • External Respiration
  • Internal Respiration
  • Gas Transport
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2
Q
  • Commonly referred to as breathing
  • Movement of air into and out of the lungs/respiratory passages
A

Ventilation

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3
Q

diffusion of gases across cell membranes

A

Respiration

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4
Q
  • movement of gases between atmospheric air in the lungs and the blood
  • occurs at the alveoli
  • oxygen moves out of the alveolar air into blood while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and joins the air in the alveoli
A

External Respiration

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5
Q

movement of gasses between the blood and the body’s cells

A

Internal respiration

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6
Q

Carbon dioxide and oxygen travel in the blood to and from the cells

A

Gas transport

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7
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

nose to the larynx (External nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx)

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8
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

trachea through the alveoli in the lungs (trachea, bronchi, lungs)

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9
Q

encompasses the structures from the nose to the smallest air tubes within the lungs and is strictly for ventilation

A

Conducting Zone

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10
Q
  • solely within the lungs and includes some specialized air tubes and the alveoli
  • where gas exchange occurs
A

Respiratory Zone

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11
Q

Functions of the respiratory system aside from respiration

A
  • Regulation of blood pH
  • Production of chemical mediators
  • Voice production
  • Olfaction
  • Protection
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12
Q

The nose consists of

A

external nose and nasal cavity

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13
Q
  • visible structure that forms a prominent feature of the face
  • encloses the chamber for air inspiration
A

external nose

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14
Q
  • jutting external portion of the nose is supported by
A

bone and cartilage

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15
Q
  • open chamber of the nose where air first enters the respiratory system
  • cleaning, warming, and humidifying chamber for inspired air
A

nasal cavity

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16
Q

the nasal cavity begins at anterior external openings called the

A

nares or nostrils

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17
Q

the posterior openings into the pharynx where the nares extends to

A

choanae

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18
Q

the floor of the nasal cavity which separates it from the oral cavity of the mouth

A

hard palate

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19
Q

a wall of tissue that divides the nasal cavity into left and right halves

A

nasal septum

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20
Q

The anterior part of the nasal septum is composed of _______ while the posterior part consists of ______

A

cartilage
bone

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21
Q
  • three lateral boney ridges
  • used to be named turbinate bones
  • acts as “wind turbines”
  • helps air churn through the nasal cavity
A

Conchae

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22
Q

for tear drainage from the surface of the eye

A

nasolacrimal

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23
Q

air-filled spaces located within the bones of the skull and face

A

paranasal sinuses

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24
Q

what are the four paranasal sinuses

A

frontal
sphenoid
ethmoid
maxillary

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25
Q

functions of the nose

A
  1. provides an airway for respiration (passageway for air)
  2. moistens and warms entering air (humidifies)
  3. filters and cleans inspired air
  4. serves as a resonating chamber for speech (helps determine voice sound)
  5. houses the olfactory (smell) receptors
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26
Q
  • sensory organ for smell
  • located in the most superior part of the nasal cavity
A

olfactory epithelium

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27
Q
  • Common passageway of both respiratory and digestive systems.
  • Approximately 13cm in length extending from the base of the skull to the sixth vertebrae
  • also called as throat
A

Pharynx

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28
Q

three regions of the pharynx

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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29
Q
  • most superior portion of the pharynx
  • passageway for air only
  • extends from choanae to uvula
  • posterior to the nasal cavity
  • superior to the soft palate
A

nasopharynx

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30
Q
  • incomplete partition composed of muscle and connective tissue
  • separates nasopharynx and oropharynx
  • prevents swallowed materials from entering the nasopharynx and the nasal cavity
  • pushes food and other materials to the back of the pharynx
  • its posterior wall houses the pharyngeal tonsil
A

nasopharynx

31
Q
  • food and air passageway but mostly food
  • Extends from epiglottis to esophagus
  • few air passes through to prevent too much gas content in the digestive tract
A

laryngopharynx

32
Q
  • passageway for both air and food
  • middle portion of the pharynx
    -extends from the choanae to the epiglottis to oral cavity
  • lined by stratified squamous epithelium which prevents abrasion
  • houses the palatine and lingual tonsils
A

oropharynx

33
Q

Sneeze Reflex

A
  1. When foreign substances enter the nasal cavity, the sensory receptors will be stimulated, causing action potentials to be made
  2. The action potentials will be carried by sensory neurons to the trigeminal nerve and medulla oblongata to be processed.
  3. The motor neurons will carry the action potential that will cause the uvula and soft palate to move inferiorly and open the airway (sneeze)
34
Q

Photic sneeze reflex (ACHOO)

A

1.Exposure to bright lights can stimulate nasal membranes, which will then cause sensory receptors to be stimulated as well, resulting into action potentials
2. The action potentials will be carried by sensory neurons to the trigeminal nerve and medulla oblongata to be processed.
3. The motor neurons will carry the action potential that will cause the uvula and soft palate to move inferiorly and open the airway (sneeze)

35
Q

What does ACHOO stand for

A

Autosomal-Dominant Compelling Helio Ophthalmic Outburst

36
Q
  • Also known as the voice box
  • located in the anterior part of the laryngopharynx
  • extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea
  • its rigid walls maintain an open passageway between the pharynx and the trachea
  • its rigidity is due to an outer casing of the nine cartilages
  • approximately 5cm extending from the 3rd cervical to the 6th cervical vertebrae
A

larynx

37
Q

unpaired cartilages of the larynx

A

Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis

38
Q
  • Largest cartilage
  • attached to the hyoid bone
  • Adam’s apple
A

Thyroid cartilage

39
Q
  • inferior to the thyroid
  • forms the base of the pharynx
  • hyaline cartilage
A

Cricoid cartilage

40
Q
  • freely movable flap
  • elastic cartilage than hyaline
  • prevents food from entering the trachea (windpipe) when swallowing
A

epiglottis

41
Q

what are the paired cartilages of the larynx

A

Cuneiform
Corniculate
Arytenoid

42
Q

Folds of the larynx

A

Vestibular folds
Vocal folds

43
Q
  • no role in sound production
  • fake vocal cords
  • prevent air from leaving the lungs when they come together or upon closure
A

Vestibular folds

44
Q
  • primary source of sound production
  • air moving pass it cause it to vibrate and produce sound
A

Vocal cords

45
Q

males usually have lower pitched voices because

A

longer vocal folds

46
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A
  1. Maintains an open passageway for air movement
  2. Prevents swallowed materials from entering the larynx and lower respiratory tract
  3. Produces sound for speech
  4. Protects the lower respiratory tract from foreign materials
47
Q
  • commonly known as the windpipe
  • allows air to flow into the lungs
  • Descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum
  • Located anterior to the esophagus and spine.
  • Consists of connective tissue and smooth muscle
  • Has 16-20 C-shaped cartilages
A

Trachea

48
Q

What is the function of the tracheal rings?

A

supports the trachea and prevent it from collapsing

49
Q
  • a thick band/bundles of smooth muscle that bridges the ends of each of the c-shaped cartilage rings
  • can narrow/constrict the trachea, allowing air to be expelled with more force, such as during coughing.
A

trachealis muscle

50
Q

cough reflex

A
  1. When foreign substances enter the trachea, the sensory receptors will be stimulated, causing action potentials to be made
  2. The action potentials will be carried by sensory neurons to the vagus nerve and medulla oblongata to be processed.
  3. The motor neurons will carry the action potential that will cause the trachea to decrease in size to allow short travel of air outside (cough)
51
Q

why is the trachea lined with pseudostratified columnar?

A

pseudostratified columnar is made up of cilia and goblet cells, wherein the cilia sweeps away the mucus produced by goblet cells. However, if constant irritation of the trachea due to smoking and dust inhalation, the pseudostratified columnar can be replaced by squamous epithelia which is not ciliated.

52
Q
  • the end of the trachea (tracheal bifurcation)
  • ridge of cartilage where the trachea divides into two main bronchi
  • important landmark for reading x-rays
A

carina

53
Q
  • two large tubes that carry air from the trachea, each extending to a lung
  • the left is more horizontal because it is crowded by the heart
  • the right is more vertical, shorter, and wider
A

bronchi

54
Q

consist of the trachea and network of air tubes in the lungs

A

tracheobronchial tree

55
Q

The four classes of air passageway (bronchi) listed from largest to smallest

A
  • main bronchi (primary bronchi)
  • secondary bronchi (lobar bronchi)
  • tertiary bronchi (segmental bronchi)
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
56
Q

occurs when smooth muscle relaxes, making the bronchiole diameter larger

A

bronchodilation

57
Q

occurs when the smooth muscle contracts, making the bronchiole diameter smaller

A

bronchoconstriction

58
Q
  • Principal organs of respiration
  • among the largest organ
  • conical in shape
  • Base: resting on the diaphragm
  • Apex: extending superiorly to a point about 2.5 cm above the clavicle
A

lungs

59
Q

lobes of the lungs

A

left: 2
right: 3

60
Q
  • indentation on the medial surface of the lug
  • all structure passing through it are referred to as the root of the lung
A

hilum

61
Q

medial indentation of the left lung

A

cardiac notch

62
Q

division of the lungs

A

lobes > bronchopulmonary segments > lobules

63
Q

blood that has pass through the lungs is called _____ while blood that has pass through the tissues is called ________

A

oxygenated blood
deoxygenated blood

64
Q

tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in size

A

lung recoil

65
Q

Why does lung recoil occur?

A
  1. connective tissue of lungs is made up of elastic fibers
  2. alveoli has surface tension (elastic property of fluid surface wherein water molecules are attracted to each other. since alveoli in the lungs has surface tension, water molecules compress, as well as alveoli.
66
Q

what is important to reduce surface tension and why is reducing surface tension important?

A

surfactant
too much surface tension can lead to lung collapse

67
Q
  • the site of gas exchange
  • small, air-filled chambers where the air and blood come in close contact with each other
A

alveoli

68
Q
  • formed by the alveolar walls and surrounding pulmonary capillaries
  • location of external expiration
A

Respiratory membrane

69
Q
  • formed by the alveolar walls and surrounding pulmonary capillaries
  • location of external expiration
  • extremely thin to facilitate diffusion of gases
A

Respiratory membrane

70
Q

Exchange of gas across respiratory membrane is influenced by:

A
  • Respiratory membrane thickness (must not be too thick)
  • Surface area (must be large)
  • Lining of the alveolar sac (must be moist)
71
Q
  • each houses a lung
  • lined with a serous membrane
A

pleural cavity

72
Q

serous membrane that lines the chest/thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm

A

parietal pleura

73
Q

serous membrane that lines the surface of the lungs

A

visceral pleura

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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