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Anatomy and Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of a complex set of organs, glands, and ducts that work together to function for ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.

A

Digestive system

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2
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. Ingestion (and mastication)
  2. Mechanical Breakdown
  3. Propulsion (and mixing)
  4. Digestion (and secretion)
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation/Elimination
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3
Q

Consumption/taking food into the digestive tract via the mouth

A

ingestion

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4
Q

Where food is chewed and churned

A

mechanical breakdown

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5
Q

chewing

A

mastication

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5
Q
  • Swallowing
  • movement of food through the digestive tract
A

propulsion

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5
Q

Swallowing

A

propulsion

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6
Q
  • breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed
  • Enzymes secreted by the digestive organs will allow breakdown of the complex food molecules to their chemical building blocks
A

digestion

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7
Q
  • Chemical building blocks will be absorbed and it will become nourishment for the body
  • movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into the blood or lymphatic system
A

absorption

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8
Q
  • removal of undigested material and other waste products as feces
  • Insoluble substances will be eliminated
A

elimination/defecation

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9
Q

The digestive system is consisted by what

A
  • digestive/Gastrointestinal tract (G.I. Tract)
  • Accessory organs
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10
Q

A continuous muscular tube that winds from the mouth down to the anus

A

digestive/Gastrointestinal tract (G.I. Tract)

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11
Q
  • Functions to produce secretions
  • Allows breakdown of food for absorption and nourishment
A

Accessory organs

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12
Q

What are the layers of the digestive tract?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
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13
Q
  • innermost tunic
  • consist of three layers
A

Mucosa

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14
Q

three layers of mucosa

A
  1. mucous epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. muscularis mucosae
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15
Q

Rich in mucus secreting cells; protects digestive organs from being digested by enzymes working within the cavity

A

mucous epithelium/simple columnar epithelium

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16
Q

Absorbs the end products of digestion; protects against pathogens

A

lamina propria

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17
Q

Muscular mucosa; contains smooth muscles for motility especially for the small intestine

A

Muscularis Mucosae

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18
Q
  • lies outside the mucosa
  • thick layer of loose connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, and small glands
A

Submucosa

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19
Q

Where most blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers are located (submucosa)

A

Areolar Tissue

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20
Q

enables the organs to recoil or go back to its normal state after distention (submucosa)

A

Elastic Fibers

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21
Q
  • Muscularis Externa; Muscular layer
  • Responsible for peristalsis; functions for movement of food as it travels into the digestive tract of the body
A

muscularis

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22
Q

Found in the inner part of muscularis

A

circular smooth muscle

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23
Q

found in the outer part of muscularis

A

longitudinal smooth muscle

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24
Q
  • Outermost Layer
  • Considered to be the visceral peritoneum; acts for protection of the external covering of the organs in the digestive tract
  • consists of connective tissue layer (adventitia)
A

Serosa

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25
Q
  • the connective tissue layer of regions of digestive tract not covered by peritoneum
  • when the outer layer of the digestive tract is derived from adjacent connective tissue.
A

adventitia

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26
Q

Walls of the abdominal cavity and abdominal organs are associated with a serous membrane. What is this serious membrane called?

A

peritoneum

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27
Q

serous membrane that covers the organs

A

visceral peritoneum

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28
Q

Serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

A

parietal peritoneum

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29
Q

potentially life threatening inflammation of the peritoneal membrane

A

peritonitis

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30
Q
  • Functions to hold many of the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity in place
  • Fat-like structure that is attached to the intestine allowing for stability and to connect to other organs in the digestive tract
  • Provides route for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves to reach the digestive tract
A

Mesentery

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31
Q
  • It is bounded by the lips and cheeks and contains the teeth, tongue, and palate.
  • Functions mainly for mastication/mechanical digestion;
A

oral cavity

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32
Q

Point where the food is introduced to the mouth and churned down into smaller pieces with the assistance of the oral cavity structures

A

mastication

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33
Q

No enzymes and chemical substances involved in digestion the food; happens physically

A

mechanical digestion

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34
Q

for Crushing or tearing of food

A

teeth

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35
Q

Used to move food around the mouth

A

tongue

36
Q

Surface to help grind/mash food

A

hard palate

37
Q

Prevents food from going up to the nasal cavity

A

Soft Palate/ Uvula

38
Q
  • Secretion of saliva; softens and lubricates food
  • Contains salivary amylase which helps break down carbohydrates into glucose
A

Salivary gland

39
Q

the different salivary glands

A
  • Parotid Gland (Biggest salivary gland)
  • Submandibular Gland (Wharton gland)
  • Sublingual Gland
40
Q

The teeth and saliva work together to break down food into what?

A

a bolus

41
Q

Connects the mouth to esophagus
consists of Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

A

pharynx

42
Q

are responsible to act as a passageway of food

A

The Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

43
Q
  • Located in the posterior walls of the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx
  • Assist the passage of food
  • force the food from the pharynx by pushing it down to the esophagus
A

Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle

44
Q
  • Also known as the gullet
  • plays an important role for swallowing, which transports food from pharynx to stomach
  • A muscular tube about 25 cm (10 inches) long and is collapsed when not involved in food propulsion
  • lined with moist stratified epithelium that extends from pharynx to stomach
  • The upper ⅔ of it contains skeletal muscle in its wall, while the lower ⅓ contains smooth muscle in its wall
  • numerous mucous glands produce thick, lubricating mucus that coats itss inner surface
A

esophagus

45
Q

Allows relaxation and distention of the esophagus; bolus can easily pass through the structure

A

Wave of Relaxation

46
Q

The force that makes the bolus move; makes the area constricted from behind the bolus, so that it can easily move the bolus towards the succeeding part of the esophagus

A

Wave of Contraction

47
Q
  • located on the posterior aspect of the esophagus
  • areas of thickened muscle that acts as a lid and keeps food from passing from one part of the tract to another.
A

Sphincters

48
Q

Located in the proximal portion

A

Upper Esophageal Sphincter

49
Q

Located distally; Cardiac Sphincter; joins the cardiac orifice of the stomach; stomach = structure that receives the bolus from the esophagus

A

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

50
Q

Process of propulsion; swallowing

A

Deglutition

51
Q

What are the phases of Swallowing:

A

Voluntary Phase
Pharyngeal Phase
Esophageal Phase

52
Q

Bolus of food (yellow) is pushed by the tongue against the palates and posteriorly towards the oropharynx.

A

Voluntary Phase

53
Q
  • Respiration is momentarily inhibited;
    Soft palate rises closing the nasopharynx to prevent food going towards the nasal cavity. The pharynx and larynx are elevated.
  • Successive constriction of the pharyngeal constrictors from superior to inferior forces the bolus through the pharynx into the esophagus. Folds will expand to close the passage of the larynx.
A

Pharyngeal phase

54
Q
  • Epiglottis bent down over the larynx opening by the force of bolus pressing against it.
  • Bolus is moved by peristaltic (peristalsis) contractions of the esophagus towards the stomach.
A

Esophageal Phase

55
Q
  • From the esophagus, the bolus moves towards it where chemical digestion will occur.
  • Houses food(bolus) for mixing with the different secretions in order to become a semifluid mixture called chyme
A

stomach

56
Q

four regions of the stomach

A

Cardiac Part
Fundus
Body
Pyloric Part

57
Q
  • Where esophagus opens into;
  • Where bolus is received and passed into the stomach.
A

Cardiac Part

58
Q

Most superior portion of the stomach

A

Fundus

59
Q
  • Inferior to the fundus
  • Largest area of the stomach.
  • Two curves:
    1. Greater Curvature - Convex Lateral
    2. Lesser curvature - concave medial.
A

Body

60
Q

gastric folds allow mucosa and submucosa to stretch; disappears when the stomach is filled.

A

Rugae

61
Q

Where chyme travels to go into the small intestine particularly the duodenum.

A

Pyloric Part

62
Q

thick ring of smooth muscle allows chyme to be pushed down.

A

pyloric sphincter

63
Q

secretions from the gastric glands include:

A

Hydrochloric Acid
Pepsin
Mucus
Intrinsic Factor

64
Q

kills microorganism/bacteria, activates pepsin

A

Hydrochloric Acid

65
Q

Digests protein ; Breaks covalent bonds of protein to form smaller peptide chains.

A

pepsinogen

66
Q

Binds to vitamin B 12 (important in DNA synthesis and RBC production) synthesis to aid in absorption

A

Intrinsic factor

67
Q

found in mucous cells; lubricates and protects stomach lining from acidic chyme and pepsin.

A

Mucus

68
Q

REGULATION OF STOMACH SECRETIONS

A
  1. Cephalic Phase – anticipatory stage
  2. Gastric Phase – greatest gastric secretion
  3. Intestinal Phase – inhibitory stage
69
Q

HORMONES INVOLVED IN GASTRIC SECRETIONS

A
  • Gastrin
  • Secretin
  • Cholecystokinin
70
Q
  • produced in the gastric glands
  • increases gastric secretion
A

Gastrin

71
Q
  • produced in the duodenum
  • decreases gastric secretion
  • increases pancreatic and bile
A

Secretin

72
Q
  • produced in the duodenum;
  • decreases gastric secretions
  • strongly decreases gastric motility
  • increases gallbladder contraction
  • increases pancreatic enzyme secretion
A

Cholecystokinin

73
Q
  • also referred as “small bowel”
  • Part of the GI tract where most of the absorption of nutrients takes place.
A

Small intestine

74
Q

THREE MODIFICATIONS THAT INCREASE SURFACE AREA OF SMALL INTESTINES

A
  1. Circular Folds
  2. Villi
  3. Microvilli
75
Q

FOUR INTESTINAL CELL TYPES

A
  1. Absorptive Cells
  2. Goblet Cells
  3. Granular Cells
  4. Endocrine Cells
76
Q

cluster of lymphatic nodes located in the ileum that help protect the
intestinal tract from harmful pathogens

A

Peyer’s patches

77
Q
  • Consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and the anal canal.
  • About 1.5 meters long
  • Primary purpose is absorption of excess water and excretion of waste products (feces)
  • Nerves in the lining of the rectum senses the expansion and tells the body when it’s time to expel the waste (defecation reflex)
A

large intestine

78
Q
  • The beginning of the large intestine, is a dilated, pouch-like structure that hangs slightly below the ileocecal opening.
  • Location: Right lower quadrant of the abdomen near the iliac fossa.
A

Cecum

79
Q

Extends superiorly from the cecum to the right colic flexure, near the liver where it turns to the left.

A

Ascending colon

80
Q
  • The longest and most movable part of the large intestine.
  • Extends from the right colic flexure to the left colic flexure near the spleen, where the colon turns inferiorly.
  • It is suspended by a fold of peritoneum and sags in the middle below the stomach.
A

transverse colon

81
Q

Extends from the left colic flexure to the pelvis where it becomes the sigmoid colon.

A

descending colon

82
Q

At the brim of the pelvis, the descending colon makes an s-shaped curve part
called

A

sigmoid colon.

83
Q

Straight muscular tube that begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends the anal canal.

A

rectum

84
Q

The last 2-3cm of the digestive tract is the anal canal which begins at the end of the rectum and ends at the anus.
* Internal anal sphincter – superior end (smooth muscle)
* External anal sphincter – inferior end (skeletal muscle)

A

ANAL CANAL, ANUS

85
Q
  • Largest internal organ of the body and weighs about 3 pounds.
  • Location: Right upper quadrant of the abdomen, tucked against the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
  • Has two major lobes: right lobe and left lobe (separated by the falciform ligament)
  • Smaller lobes located on the inferior portion: caudate and quadrate lobe
  • Main function: Processes nutrients and detoxifies harmful substances from the blood.
A

liver

86
Q
  • Largest internal organ of the body and weighs about 3 pounds.
  • Location: Right upper quadrant of the abdomen, tucked against the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
  • Has two major lobes: right lobe and left lobe (separated by the falciform ligament)
  • Smaller lobes located on the inferior portion: caudate and quadrate lobe
  • Main function: Processes nutrients and detoxifies harmful substances from the blood.
A
87
Q

specific functions of liver

A
  1. Digestion – bile neutralizes stomach acid and emulsifies fats, which facilitates fat digestion
  2. Excretion – bile contains excretory products such as cholesterol, fats, and bile pigments that result from hemoglobin breakdown
  3. Nutrient Storage - Liver cells remove sugar from the blood and store it in the form of glycogen; they also store fat, vitamins (A, B12, D, E, and K), copper,
    and iron.
  4. Nutrient conversion - Liver cells convert some nutrients into others; for example, amino acids can be converted to lipids or glucose
  5. Detoxification - Liver cells remove ammonia from the blood and convert it to urea, which is eliminated in the urine; other substances are detoxified and
    secreted in the bile or excreted in the urine.
  6. Synthesis of new molecules - The liver synthesizes blood proteins, such as albumin, fibrinogen, globulins, and clotting factors.
88
Q
  • Location: Retroperitoneal, posterior to the stomach in the inferior part of the left upper quadrant.
  • Has a head, body and tail.
  • Islets of Langerhans –endocrine part of the pancreas in charge of producing the glucagon and insulin.
  • Acini – exocrine part of the pancreas which produce digestive enzymes (pancreatic juice)
  • Major function: Hormone Release and Control of Pancreatic Secretions
A

pancreas

89
Q

COMPOSITION OF THE PANCREATIC JUICES

A
  • Water
  • Bicarbonate Ions
  • Pancreatic Enzymes:
    1. Trypsin (digests protein)
    2. Amylase (digests starch)
    3. Lipase (digests lipid)
    4. Nucleases (digests nucleic acid)

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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