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Anatomy and Physiology > Intro to Skeletal System > Flashcards

Intro to Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Storage
  5. Blood Cell Production
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2
Q
  • a connective tissue that contains collagen, ground substance, and other organic molecules, as well as water and minerals.
  • classified according to its shape or histological structure
A

Bone

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3
Q

Bone
- main function:
- Movement:
- composition:

A
  • main function: Support
  • Movement: Free movement (levers with the skeletal muscle)
  • composition: Collagen & Calcium Phosphates (Hydroxyapatite)
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4
Q

Cartilage
- main function:
- Movement:
- composition:

A
  • main function: covering
  • Movement: Free Movement
  • composition: Collagen, Elastic fibers, Proteoglycans
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5
Q

Tendon
- main function:
- Movement:
- composition:

A
  • main function: muscle to bone attachment
  • Movement: full contraction
  • composition: Collagen Fibers (dense connective tissue)
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6
Q

Ligament
- main function:
- Movement:
- composition:

A
  • main function: bone to bone attachment
  • Movement: minimal movement
  • composition: Collagen Fibers (dense connective tissue)
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7
Q
  • type of bone that is dense, smooth-looking, and homogeneous
  • is the solid, outer layer, surrounding each bone
  • has more matrix and is denser with fewer pores
A

compact bone (or cortical bone)

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8
Q
  • appears porous, has less bone matrix, and less space
  • made up of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called trabeculae
A

spongy bone

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9
Q

four classifications of bones according to its shape

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Irregular bones
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10
Q
  • Longer than they are wide
  • have a shaft with enlarged ends
  • This shape enhances their movement of appendages.
  • mostly compact bone but also contain spongy bone at the end
  • Mostly located on the upper and lower limbs.
A

Long Bones
(Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Metacarpal, Metatarsal, Femur, Fibula, Tibia)

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11
Q
  • make up most of the bone’s length
  • composed of compact bone
  • is covered and protected by a fibrous connective tissue membrane called the periosteum
A

diaphysis (or shaft)

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12
Q

secures the periosteum to the underlying bone

A

Perforating fibers or Sharpey’s fibers

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13
Q
  • are the ends of long bones
  • consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone
  • the articular cartilage covers its external surface
A

epiphyses

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14
Q
  • thin line of bony tissue spanning the epiphysis that looks a bit different from the rest of the bone in that area
  • remnant of the epiphyseal plate
  • close; when bone stops growing in length
A

epiphyseal line

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15
Q
  • located between the epiphysis and diaphysis
  • open; present in growing bone
A

epiphyseal plate

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16
Q

a single cell layer of connective tissue that lines the internal cavities of all bones

A

endosteum

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17
Q

structural and functional unit of compact bone

A

osteon (or Haversian system)

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18
Q
  • fluid-filled space in the spinal cord that has a protective function and allows for nutrient transport
  • lined with endosteum and contain blood vessel, nerves, and loose connective tissue
A

central canal

19
Q
  • Longer as they are wide
  • Allows stability and facilitates some movement
  • generally cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone
A

Short bones
(Tarsals, Carpals)

20
Q
  • Relatively thin, flattened shape, and usually curved
  • They are well suited to provide strong barrier around soft organs.
  • have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a a layer of spongy bone in between
A

Flat bones
(Cranial Bones, Sternum, Scapulae, Ribs)

21
Q

-Have shapes that do not fit readily into the other three categories
- mainly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone

A

Irregular bones
(Vertebrae, Sacrum)

22
Q

Bone Histology

A
  • Bones are also classified according to its histological structure.
  • classified into either a)compact bone or b) spongy bone
23
Q

spongy (inside), compact (outside)

A

Epiphysis

24
Q
  • epiphyseal line/plate
A

compact (inside), medullary cavity

25
Q

compact (inside), medullary cavity

A

Diaphysis

26
Q

Cells in bone tissue

A

Osteogenic cells undergo cell division and develop into
osteoblasts, which secrete bone extracellular matrix.
1. OSTEOGENIC CELL - (develops into an osteoblast)
2. OSTEOBLAST - (forms bone extracellular matrix)
3. OSTEOCYTE - (maintains bone tissue)
4. OSTEOCLAST - (functions in resorption)

27
Q
  • Formation of bone by osteoblasts
  • Involves the synthesis of an organic matrix containing collagen and proteoglycans and the addition of hydroxyapatite crystals to the matrix.
  • Can be either INTRAMEMBRANOUS or ENDOCHONDRAL
A

Bone Ossification

28
Q
  • Occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in connective tissue membranes.
  • Primarily happens in skull and clavicle.
  • happens before childbirth
A

INTRAMEMBRANOUS

29
Q
  • Occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone in the hyaline cartilage.
  • Primarily happens in bones except skull and clavicle.
  • happens after childbirth
A

ENDOCHONDRAL

30
Q
  • Involves the removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and the deposition of new bone by osteoblasts
  • Responsible for changes in bone shape, bone repair, adjustment of bone to stress, and calcium ion regulation
A

BONE REMODELLING

31
Q

Bone Repair

A
  1. Clot formation (a hematoma forms)
  2. Callus formation (a fibrocartilage callus forms)
  3. Callus ossification (a bony callus forms)
  4. Bone remodeling
32
Q

INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION

A
  1. Ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue
  2. Osteoid is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies
  3. Woven bone and periosteum form
  4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum
33
Q
  • type of bone that is dense, smooth-looking, and homogeneous
  • is the solid, outer layer, surrounding each bone
  • has more matrix and is denser
A

compact bone (or cortical bone)

34
Q
  • in childhood
  • site of blood cell formation
A

red bone marrow

35
Q
  • storage are for red marrow
  • hollow center within diaphysis
A

medullary cavity

36
Q
  • in adult
  • stores adipose (fat) tissue
A

yellow marrow

37
Q

process of bone formation

A

ossification

38
Q

bone-building cells

A

osteoblasts

39
Q
  • bone-destroying cells
  • to break down bone matrix and release calcium ions into the blood
A

osteoclasts

40
Q
  • bone stem cells that undergo division to develop osteoblast
A

osteogenic cell

41
Q

mature bone cells found within the bone matrix in tiny cavities called lacunae

A

osteocytes

42
Q

the lacunae are arranged in concentric circles called

A

lamellae

43
Q

tiny canals that radiate outward from the central canals to all lacunae

A

canaliculi

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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