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Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine: derived from the Greek words ______ meaning _____ and _______ meaning _______.

A

“endo”; within
“krino”; to secrete

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2
Q

Composed of endocrine glands and specialized endocrine cells located throughout the body

A

Endocrine System

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3
Q

secrete chemical messengers called “hormones” into the bloodstream in order to produce a specific response to target tissues or effectors.

A

Endocrine glands

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4
Q

The 10 main regulatory functions of the endocrine system

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Control of food intake and digestion
  3. Tissue Development
  4. Ion Regulation
  5. Water Balance
  6. Heart rate and blood pressure regulation
  7. Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
  8. Control of reproductive functions
  9. Uterine contractions and milk release
  10. Immune system regulation
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5
Q
  • Endocrine chemical messengers
  • derived from the Greek word “hormon” which means to set in motion
A

Hormones

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6
Q

two chemical categories of hormones

A

lipid-soluble and water-soluble

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7
Q
  • Non-polar
  • Small size and low solubility in aqueous fluids.
  • Needs a binding protein for transport
  • Diffuses across the cell membrane
  • Receptor Location: Nucleus or cytoplasm
A

Lipid-soluble hormones

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8
Q

Examples of Lipid-soluble hormones

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones, and fatty acid derivative hormones

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9
Q
  • polar
  • Vary from small to large and soluble in blood
  • Large hormones dissolve directly into the blood and are delivered to the target tissue without attaching to binding protein.
  • Small hormones however need attachment to larger protein to avoid being filtered out of the blood.
  • Cannot diffuse through cell membrane
  • Receptor Location: Plasma membrane’s outer surface
A

Water-soluble hormones

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10
Q

Examples of water-soluble hormones

A

Protein and peptide hormones; amino-acid derivative hormones

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11
Q

The life span of __________ ranges from a few weeks to days, while _______ have relatively short half-lives because they are rapidly broken down by enzymes within the bloodstream.

A

lipid-soluble hormones; water-soluble hormones

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12
Q

three types of stimuli which regulate hormone release

A
  1. Humoral
  2. Neural
  3. Hormonal
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13
Q

Blood-borne chemicals which stimulate release of some hormones

A

Humoral stimuli

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14
Q

Control of Hormone Section in Humoral stimuli

A

When blood levels of certain substances changes, glands release hormones to maintain normal concentration of substances

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15
Q

Example of Control of Hormone Section in Humoral stimuli

A

When blood glucose level is elevated, there is a stimulation of release of insulin secreted by the pancreas to normalize blood glucose level

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16
Q

Inhibition of Hormone Release in humoral stimuli

A

A companion hormone exists to oppose those of the secreted hormone and its actions

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17
Q

Example of inhibition of Hormone Release in humoral stimuli

A

To raise blood pressure, the adrenal cortex secretes the hormone aldosterone in response to low blood pressure. However, if blood pressure rises, the atria of the heart releases the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which lowers blood pressure.

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18
Q

Control of Hormone Section in Neural stimuli

A

Following an action potential, neurons release a neurotransmitter into the synapse. Neurotransmitters will allow stimulation of the gland to release hormone where it will travel to its target

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19
Q

Example of Control of Hormone Section in Neural stimuli

A

Release of epinephrine and norepinephrine during stressful situations

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20
Q

Inhibition of Hormone release in neural stimuli

A

Neurons inhibit targets just as often as they stimulate targets.
- if the neurotransmitter is inhibitory, the target endocrine gland does not secrete its hormone.

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21
Q

Control of Hormone Section of Hormonal stimuli

A

It occurs when a secreted hormone stimulates the secretion of other hormones. These hormones are called tropic hormones

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22
Q

Example of control hormone section of hormonal stimuli

A

The hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones. These releasing hormones stimulate the release of hormone (tropic hormone) from the anterior pituitary. The tropic hormone travels to the target endocrine cell and stimulates the release of another hormone.

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23
Q

Inhibition of hormone release in hormonal stimuli

A

“inhibiting hormones” prevent the secretion of other hormones

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24
Q

Example of inhibition of hormone release in hormonal stimuli

A

Inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus prevent thyroid hormones from the pituitary gland from secreting

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25
Q

Hormone release caused by a neural input

A

Neural stimuli

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26
Q

Hormone release caused by another hormone (a trophic hormone)

A

Hormonal stimuli

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27
Q

The endocrine system consists of ______, some of which are not limited to perform function to hormone secretion.

A

ductless glands

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28
Q

endocrine glands and organs:

A
  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Thyroid gland
  3. Parathyroid gland
  4. Adrenal glands
  5. Pancreas
  6. Testes and Ovaries
  7. Thymus
  8. Pineal Gland
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29
Q
  • also called the hypophysis
  • small gland about the size of a pea
  • rests in a depression of the sphenoid bone inferior to the hypothalamus of the brain.
  • secretes hormones that influence growth, kidney function, birth, and milk production by the mammary glands
  • was known as the body’s master gland
A

pituitary gland

30
Q

Two ways the hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland

A
  1. Hormonal control
  2. Direct innervation
31
Q
  • Synthesizes hormones, whose secretion is under the control of the hypothalamus
  • made up of epithelial cells derived from the embryonic oral cavity
  • hormones secreted are proteins, are transported in blood, have short life span, and bind to membrane-bound receptors
    -most of its hormones are tropic hormones
A

Anterior pituitary gland

32
Q
  • Storage location for two hormone synthesized by special neurons in the hypothalamus
  • its secretion of hormones is regulated by neural input
A

Posterior pituitary gland

33
Q
  • made up of two lobes connected by a narrow band called “isthmus.”
  • One of the largest endocrine glands.
  • Appears more red than surrounding tissues because it is highly vascular.
  • surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
  • Main function: Secretion of thyroid hormones
A

Thyroid gland

34
Q

The three hormones that is synthesized and secreted by thyroid gland

A
  1. Triiodothyronine (T3)
  2. Thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine; T4)
  3. Calcitonin
35
Q
  • where thyroid hormones are synthesized and stored
  • contain protein called “thyroglobulin” in which hormones are attached.
A

Thyroid follicles

36
Q
  • Thyroid hormones have a __________ effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
  • Loss of negative feedback will result in ________. It causes enlargement of the thyroid. This condition is called ________.
  • When the normal rate of thyroid hormone secretion is _________, growth and development cannot proceed normally.
A

negative feedback;
excess TSH;
goiter;
disrupted;

37
Q
  • lack of thyroid hormones
  • In infants, it can result in cretinism.
  • In adults, it can result to decreased metabolic rate, sluggishness, reduced ability to perform routine tasks and myxedema.
A

Hypothyroidism

38
Q

elevated rate of thyroid hormones

A

Hyperthyroidism

39
Q

a type of of hyperthyroidism that results when the immune system produces abnormal proteins that are similar in structure and function to TSH.

A

Grave’s disease

40
Q
  • Four tiny glands embedded in the posterior wall of the thyroid gland.
  • These glands secrete the parathyroid hormone (PTH) which is essential in regulation of calcium level.
A

Parathyroid glands

41
Q

Is released when there is a decrease in blood calcium

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

42
Q

1.______ increases active _________ formation through the effects of membrane-bound receptors of renal tubule cells in the kidney. Vitamin D stimulates increased _______ absorption by intestinal epithelial cells.

  1. PTH secretion increases blood calcium levels. PTH binds to receptors on ________. In turn, osteoblasts secrete substances that stimulate _______ to reabsorb bone.
  2. PTH _________ loss of calcium in the ________.
A

PTH
Vitamin D
calcium
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
Decreases
Urine

43
Q
  • low rate of PTH
  • Results from injury to or the surgical removal of thyroid and parathyroid
A

Hypoparathyroidism

44
Q
  • elevated rate of PTH
  • Causes softening, deformity and/or fracture of the bone.
A

Hyperparathyroidism

45
Q
  • Hormone of the posterior pituitary
  • Also called vasopressin
  • binds to membrane-bound receptors and increases water reabsorption by kidney tubules, resulting in less water lost as urine
  • cause blood vessels to constrict when released in large amounts
A

Antidiuretic hormone

46
Q

Binds to membrane-bound receptors and causes contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the uterus as well as milk letdown from breasts of lactating women
- its commercial preparations (Pitocin) are given to assist in childbirth and to constrict uterine blood vessels following childbirth

A

Oxytocin

47
Q

Two small glands located superior to each kidney.

A

Adrenal glands

48
Q

Each adrenal gland has an inner part called the _________ and the outer part called the __________

A

adrenal medulla;
adrenal cortex

49
Q
  • The principal hormone released is epinephrine.
  • also releases small amounts of norepinephrine
  • Related to fight or flight reaction, stress and low blood sugar.
A

Adrenal medulla

50
Q
  1. Stress, physical activity, and low blood glucose levels act as _______ to the hypothalamus, resulting in increased _________ nervous activity
  2. An increased frequency of ________ conducted through the sympathetic division of the ______ nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla to secretepinephrine and some norepinephrine into the circulatory system
  3. Epinephrine and norepinephrine act on their target tissues to produce _______
A

stimuli
Sympathetic
action potentials
autonomic
responses

51
Q
  • secretes three classes of steroid hormones:
    1) mineralocorticoids 2)glucocorticoids 3)androgens
  • Have unique structural and functional characteristic
A

Adrenal cortex

52
Q

regulates blood volume and levels of potassium and sodium ion

A

Mineralocorticoids

53
Q
  • Major hormone of mineralocorticoids
  • Binds to receptor molecules in the kidney, but it also affects the intestine, sweat glands and salivary glands.
  • causes sodium ions and water to be retained in the body
A

Aldosterone

54
Q

regulates blood nutrient levels.

A

Glucocorticoids

55
Q
  • major hormone of glucocorticoids
  • Responds in stressful situations
  • Increases the breakdown of proteins and lipids. It also increases their conversion to forms of energy the body can use.
  • Reduces inflammatory and immune responses (Cortisone)
A

Cortisol

56
Q
  • Stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.
  • However, both male and female possess these hormones.
  • Abnormally high level of it can exaggerate male characteristics in both male and female
A

Gonadocorticoids - Androgens

57
Q
  • Consists of the pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans).
  • These islets secrete three hormones: 1)insulin 2)glucagon and 3)somatostatin
  • These hormones help regulate levels of nutrients especially glucose.
A

Pancreas

58
Q

______ has an essential role in maintaining homeostasis.

A

Blood glucose

59
Q

Effect of Decreased blood glucose level

A
  • A decreased blood glucose will cause tissues to break down lipids and proteins to provide an alternative source of energy.
  • As lipids break down, the liver converts fatty acids to ketones. As a result, acidosis can occur.
60
Q

Effect of Increased blood glucose level

A

The kidneys produce large volume of urine containing substantial amount of glucose. However, dehydration can result because of rapid loss of water in the form of urine.

61
Q
  • Released from the beta cells
  • Major target tissues: liver, adipose tissue, muscle and satiety area of hypothalamus.
  • Increases when there is elevated blood glucose level
  • Increases in response to parasymphatetic stimulation associated with digestion
  • Increases when there is an increased blood levels of certain amino acids
A

Insulin

62
Q

Occurs when too little insulin is secreted from the pancreas

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

63
Q

Occurs when lack of number of insulin receptors on target cells or defective target cells do not respond normally to insulin.

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

64
Q
  • Released from the alpha cells
  • Binds to membrane-bound receptors of the liver, causing glycogen to convert to glucose.
  • Glucose – released into the bloodstream
A

Glucagon

65
Q
  • Released from the delta cells
  • Response to food intake
  • Inhibit secretion of insulin and glucagon * Inhibits gastric activity.
A

Somatostatin

66
Q
  • structures of the reproductive tract which has an essential role in reproduction.
  • Aside from producing sperm cells or egg cells, these structures also plays a role in the endocrine system.
A

Testes and ovaries

67
Q
  • secreted by the testes
  • male sex hormone
  • responsible for the growth and development of the male reproductive structures and as well as sexual characteristics
A

Testosterone

68
Q
  • female sex hormones
  • These hormones work together on the growth and development of the female reproductive structures, breasts, hips, thighs and as well as sexual characteristics.
A

Estrogen and progesterone

69
Q
  • lies in the upper part of the thoracic cavity which functions in immunity.
  • It secretes the hormone “thymosin” which aids in the development of the T-cells.
A

Thymus

70
Q
  • small, pinecone-shaped structure located superior and posterior to the thalamus of the brain.
  • produces the hormone “melatonin” which decreases secretion of LH and FSH
A

Pineal gland

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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