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Anatomy and Physiology > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

The Axial Skeleton is composed of _____ bones

A

80

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2
Q

A. Skull –
B. Hyoid –
C. Auditory Ossicles –
D. Thorax (Sternum and Ribs) -
E. Vertebra –

A

22
1
6
25
26

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3
Q

Bone markings

A
  • articulating
  • non-articulating
  • depression/opening
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4
Q

Articulating

A
  1. Head – enlarged end
  2. Condyle – smooth rounded articular surface
  3. Facet – smooth flattened surface
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5
Q

Non – Articulating

A
  1. Tuberosity – Knob/Enlargement
  2. Process- prominent projection
  3. Crest – prominent ridge
  4. Tubercle
  5. Line
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6
Q

Depressions/Opening

A
  1. Foramen – opening/hole
  2. Fossa – depression
  3. Meatus – tunnel-like opening
  4. Fissure – cleft
  5. Sinus – cavity
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7
Q

________ has 22 bones and divided into two:

A

SKULL
1. Calvarium/cranium (Braincase) – Superior aspect
2. Cranial base (Facial bones) – inferior

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8
Q

Calvarium (STEP OF 6)

A
  • Sphenoid (Unpaired)
  • Temporal
  • Ethmoid (Unpaired)
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Frontal
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9
Q

Forms the forehead, superior part of orbits and most of the
anterior cranial fossa; contains sinuses

A

FRONTAL BONE

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10
Q

FRONTAL BONE
a.
b.
c.
d.

A

squamous
supraorbital margin
supraorbital foramen
Glabella

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11
Q
  • forehead, the most anterior part of the frontal area
A

Squamous

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12
Q
  • thickened part which lie under the eyebrows.
  • This is where the forehead ends
A

Supraorbital margin

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13
Q
  • passageway of supraorbital artery and nerves.
A

Supraorbital foramen

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14
Q

Forms most of the superior and lateral aspects of the skull.

A

PARIETAL BONE

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15
Q

interlocking joints of the skull / wormian bones

A

Sutures

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16
Q

a. Coronal Suture -
b. Lambdoidal Suture -
c. Squamousal Suture -
d. Sagittal Suture -

A
  • parietal - frontal
  • parietal – occipital
  • parietal – temporal
  • parietal bones
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17
Q
  • Form the inferolateral aspects of the skull and contribute to
    the middle cranial fossa.
  • It is best viewed on a lateral position.
A

TEMPORAL BONES

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18
Q

3 major parts of temporal bones:

A
  • Squamous
  • Tympanic
  • Petrous
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19
Q

Squamous
1.
2.

A

Zygomatic Arch
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

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20
Q

when the zygomatic process of the temporal bone meets the zygomatic bone, it forms an arch.

A

Zygomatic Arch

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21
Q

condylar process of the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa

A

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

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22
Q
  • through which the sound enters the ear, thus enables sound waves to reach the eardrum.
A

External Auditory Meatus (found in Tympanic)

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23
Q
  • thickest and hoses the middle and internal ear cavities
A

Petrous

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24
Q

Petrous:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

A
  1. Middle cranial fossa
  2. Jugular Foramen
  3. Carotid canal
  4. Foramen Lacerum
  5. Internal Acoustic Meatus
  6. Mastoid process
  7. Styloid process
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25
Q

supports the temporal brain

A

Middle cranial fossa

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26
Q

most lateral foramen, passageway of the jugular vein

A

Jugular Foramen

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27
Q
  • anterior to the jugular foramen.
  • Transmits the internal carotid artery into the cranial cavity
A

Carotid canal

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28
Q
  • between petrous temporal and sphenoid.
  • Most medial portion
A

Foramen Lacerum

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29
Q

transmits cranial nerves.

A

Internal Acoustic Meatus

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30
Q
  • acts as an anchoring site for some neck muscles.
  • Can be felt as a lump just posterior to the ear.
  • has many air cavities called “mastoid air cells”
A

Mastoid process

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31
Q
  • needle like process which is not just for neck attachment but also for tongue muscles.
A

Styloid process

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32
Q

Forms most of the skull’s posterior wall and base.

A

OCCIPITAL BONE

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33
Q

Occipital bone
a.
b.
c.
d.

A

a. Posterior cranial fossa
b. Foramen Magnum
c. Occipital condyles
d. External occipital protuberance

34
Q

supports the cerebellum

A

Posterior cranial fossa

35
Q
  • largest foramen of the skull
  • spinal cord passes through
A

Foramen Magnum

36
Q
  • located on each lateral side of the foramen magnum.
  • This is where C1 articulates.
A

Occipital condyles

37
Q
  • Most bulging part of the posterior skull
A

External occipital protuberance

38
Q
  • Bat-shaped
  • Keystone, because it acts as a central wedge that articulates with all other cranial bones.
39
Q

forms the center of the sphenoid bone

A

body of sphenoid

40
Q

houses the pituitary gland

A

Hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica

41
Q

medial process, horn-like

A

Lesser tubercle

42
Q

projects laterally

A

Greater tubercle

43
Q

interior portion, which serves as an attachment for pterygoid muscles for chewing

A

Pterygoid process

44
Q
  • Has complex shape like sphenoid
  • Helps to form the anterior cranial fossa; forms part of the nasal septum and the lateral walls and roof of the nasal cavity;
  • contributes to the medial wall of the orbit
A

ETHMOID BONE

45
Q

helps form the root of the nasal cavities and floor of the anterior cranial fossa

A

Cribriform plate

46
Q

– the dura matter of the brain is attached to this structure, to help secure the brain in the cranial cavity

A

Crista galli

47
Q

inferior portion, which divides the nasal cavity from right to left.

A

Perpendicular plate

48
Q

Facial Bones

A

Vomer
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2),
Nasal (2),
Maxilla (2)
Mandible,
Palatine (2),
Zygoma (2),
Lacrimal (2)

49
Q
  • Lower-jaw bone, forms the chin and anchors lower teeth
  • The largest and strongest bone of the face
50
Q

Parts of the mandible

A

● Paired rami
● Mandibular angle
● Body of mandible
● Condylar process
● Mandibular foramen
● Mental foramen

51
Q
  • two upright bars of the bone extends from the body to connect mandible with temporal bone
  • meets in mandibular angle
A

Paired rami

52
Q
  • horizontal part of the mandible
  • forms the chin
A

Body of mandible

53
Q

attached to our temporal bone (mandibular fossa) to form temporomandibular joint

A

Condylar process

54
Q

located near the mandibular angle to permit nerves for tooth sensation

A

Mandibular foramen

55
Q

opening on the lateral aspect of mandibular body which allow nerves and blood vessel of the lip and lower chin

A

Mental foramen

56
Q

Upper-jaw bone and parts of the hard palate, orbits and nasal cavity walls

57
Q
  • Forms the cheeks and parts of the orbits.
  • Articulations: Maxilla, frontal and temporal
58
Q
  • Forms the bridge of the nose
  • Articulations: Frontal, maxilla and perpendicular plate
59
Q
  • Fingernail-shaped structure which forms part of the medial orbit wall
60
Q

serves as a passageway for tears to drain from the eye surface to nasal cavity

A

lacrimal sac

61
Q

Form posterior part of the hard palate and a small part of nasal cavity and orbit walls

62
Q
  • joined at the median palatine suture
  • complete the posterior portion of the hard palate
A

horizontal plates

63
Q
  • slender, plow-shaped
  • lies in the nasal cavity, where it forms part of the nasal septum
64
Q
  • thin, curved bones in the nasal cavity.
  • project medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity,
    just inferior to the middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone
A

INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE

65
Q
  • is unique in that it is the only bone of the
    body that does not articulate directly with any other bone
A

HYOID BONE

66
Q

Three bones in the middle ear that are among the smallest bones in the human body

A

AUDITORY OSSICLES

67
Q

Auditory ossicles
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. Malleus (hammer)
  2. Incus(Anvil)
  3. Stapes (Stirrup)
68
Q
  • Backbone
  • 33 bones (infant)
  • 26 bones (adult)
A

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

68
Q

Regions of the vertebra

A
  1. Cervical – C1 to C7
  2. Thoracic – T1 to T12
  3. Lumbar – L1 to L5
  4. Sacral – fused
  5. Coccyx – fused
69
Q

Each vertebra consists of a

A

body, centrum, vertebral arch

70
Q

flattened plates that fuse in the median plane, complete the arch posteriorly

71
Q
  • hort bony pillars projecting posteriorly from the vertebral body, form the sides of the arch.
72
Q

extends laterally from each side of the vertebral arch.

A

Transverse process

73
Q

protrude superiorly and inferiorly respectively from the pedicle – lamina junction

A

Superior and inferior articular facet

74
Q

Body: Massive kidney -shaped
Short and flat spinous process
Pedicles and laminae are thicker and shorter
Transverse process
Vertebral foramen is triangular

75
Q
  • cervical
  • Body: None
  • No spinous process
  • Has superior articular facets
A

C1 (Atlas)

76
Q
  • Not as specialized as atlas
  • Unique feature: knoblike dens
77
Q
  • Body: Oval
  • Spinous process is short and bifid
  • Vertebral foramen is triangular
  • C7-palpable (Vertebra Prominens)
78
Q

Body: Heart shaped
Long and sharp spinous process
Demifacets
Transverse process
Vertebral foramen is round De Lumbar Spine

A

Thoracic Spine
T1-T12

79
Q
  • Protects the vital organs in the thorax
  • include the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, the ribs laterally, and the sternum and costal
    cartilages anteriorly.
  • Includes the sternum and the ribs
A

Thoracic Cage

80
Q
  • lies in the anterior midline of the thorax.
  • Its superior portion is the manubrium and the inferior portion is the xiphoid process
A

Sternum/Breastbone -

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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