Endocrine Glands and Hormones

Question 1

Growth Hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 1

• Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
• Target tissue/organs: Most tissues
• Effects on tissue/organs: Stimulates somatic growth, mobilizes fats, spares glucose
• hypersecretion: Gigantism in children, Acromegaly in adults
• hyposecretion: Pituitary dwarfism in children

Question 2

Thyroid Simulating Hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 2

• Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
• Target tissue/organs: Thyroid Gland
• Effects on tissue/organs: Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones
• hypersecretion: Grave’s disease
• hyposecretion: Cretinism in children; myxedema in adults

Question 3

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 3

• Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
• Target tissue/organs: Adrenal cortex
• Effects on tissue/organs: Promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens
• hypersecretion: Cushing’s disease

Question 4

Follicle stimulating Hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 4

• Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
• Target tissue/organs: Ovaries in females, testes in males
• Effects on tissue/organs: stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production in females, and stimulates sperm production in males
• hyposecretion: Failure of sexual maturation

Question 5

Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 5

• Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
• Target tissue/organs: Ovaries in females, testes in males
• Effects on tissue/organs: triggers ovulation and stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone in females, and promotes testosterone production in males
• hyposecretion: Failure of sexual maturation

Question 6

Prolactin
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 6

• Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
• Target tissue/organs: Breast
• Effects on tissue/organs: Promotes lactation
• hypersecretion: inappropriate milk production; cessation of menses in female
  impotence in males
• hyposecretion: Poor milk production in nursing women

Question 7

What are the hormones the anterior pituitary gland secretes?

Answer 7

• Growth hormone
• Thyroid hormone
• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
• Follicle stimulating Hormone
• Luteinizing Hormone
• Prolactin

Question 8

Oxytocin
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 8

• Gland secreted from: Posterior Pituitary Gland
• Target tissue/organs: Uterus and Breast
• Effects on tissue/organs: Stimulates uterine contraction, which stimulates labor; and initiates milk ejection
• hypersecretion/hyposecretion: none

Question 9

Antidiuretic hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 9

• Gland secreted from: Posterior Pituitary Gland
• Target tissue/organs: Kidney
• Effects on tissue/organs: Stimulate kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water
• hypersecretion: Syndrome of inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH)
• hyposecretion: Diabetes insipidus

Question 10

What are the hormones the posterior pituitary gland secretes?

Answer 10

Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone

Question 11

Thyroid hormones (Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine)
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 11

• Gland secreted from: Thyroid gland
• Target tissue/organs: most cells of the body
• Effects on tissue/organs: Increases metabolic rates, essential
  to normal process of growth and maturation
• hypersecretion: excessive skeletal growth in children and demineralization of the bones in adults
• hyposecretion: growth retardation in children and joint pain in adults

Question 12

Calcitonin
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 12

• Gland secreted from: Thyroid gland
• Target tissue/organs: primarily bone
• Effects on tissue/organs: Decreases rate of bone breakdown; prevents large increase in blood calcium ion levels following a meal.
• hypersecretion/hyposecretion: none

Question 13

What are the hormones the thyroid gland secretes?

Answer 13

thyroid hormones (Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine)
calcitonin

Question 14

Parathyroid Hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 14

• Gland secreted from: Parathyroid gland
• Target tissue/organs: bone and kidney
• Effects on tissue/organs: Increases rate of bone breakdown by osteoclasts; increases vitamin D synthesis and essential for maintenance of blood calcium levels
• hypersecretion: Hyperparathyroidism
• hyposecretion: Hypoparathyroidism

Question 15

Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 15

• Gland secreted from: Adrenal medulla
• Target tissue/organs: Sympathetic nervous system target organs
• Effects on tissue/organs: Increase heart rate and metabolic rate ; increase blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction
• hypersecretion: – Prolonged fight or flight response; hypertension

Question 16

Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 16

• Gland secreted from: Adrenal cortex
• Target tissue/organs: kidneys
• Effects on tissue/organs: Increase blood levels of Sodium ions and decrease blood levels of potassium ions; Water retention in the body
• hypersecretion: Aldosteronism
• hyposecretion: Addison’s disease

Question 17

Glucocorticoids
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 17

• Gland secreted from: Adrenal cortex
• Target tissue/organs: most cells of the body
• Effects on tissue/organs: Increase fat rate and protein breakdown; increase glucose synthesis from amino acids; increase blood nutrient levels; inhibit inflammation and immune response
• hypersecretion: Cushing’s syndrome
• hyposecretion: Addison’s disease

Question 18

Adrenal androgens
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 18

• Gland secreted from: Adrenal cortex
• Target tissue/organs: most tissues
• Effects on tissue/organs: Stimulates male sexual characteristics; increase female sexual drive, growth of pubic and axillary hair
• hypersecretion: Masculinization of female

Question 19

What are the hormones the adrenal cortex secretes?

Answer 19

• Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
• Glucocorticoids
• Adrenal Androgens

Question 20

Insulin
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 20

• Gland secreted from: Pancreas
• Target tissue/organs: liver
• Effects on tissue/organs: Increases uptake and use of glucose and amino acids
• hypersecretion: hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia
• hyposecretion: diabetes

Question 21

Glucagon
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 21

• Gland secreted from: Pancreas
• Target tissue/organs: liver
• Effects on tissue/organs: Increases breakdown of glycogen
  and release of glucose into the circulatory system
• hypersecretion: diabetes; glucagonoma
• hyposecretion: hypoglycemia

Question 22

What are the hormones the pancreas secretes?

Answer 22

• Insulin
• glucagon

Question 23

Testosterone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 23

• Gland secreted from: Testes
• Target tissue/organs: most tissues
• Effects on tissue/organs: Sperm production; maintenance of functional reproductive organs; secondary sexual characteristics; sexual behavior
• hypersecretion: Exaggerated sexual characteristics
• hyposecretion: lack of sexual characteristics

Question 24

estrogens and progesterone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 24

• Gland secreted from: Ovaries
• Target tissue/organs: most tissues
• Effects on tissue/organs: Aid in uterine and mammary gland development and function, external genitalia structure; secondary sexual characteristics; sexual behavior and menstrual cycle
• hypersecretion: Exaggerated sexual characteristics
• hyposecretion: lack of sexual characteristics

Question 25

Thymosin
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 25

• Gland secreted from: Thymus
• Target tissue/organs: immune tissues
• Effects on tissue/organs: Promotes immune system development and function
• hyposecretion: increased susceptibility to
  diseases

Question 26

Melatonin
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

Answer 26

• Gland secreted from: Pineal gland
• Target tissue/organs: hypothalamus
• Effects on tissue/organs: Inhibits secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone thereby inhibiting reproduction