Endocrine Glands and Hormones Flashcards
Growth Hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Target tissue/organs: Most tissues
- Effects on tissue/organs: Stimulates somatic growth, mobilizes fats, spares glucose
- hypersecretion: Gigantism in children, Acromegaly in adults
- hyposecretion: Pituitary dwarfism in children
Thyroid Simulating Hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Target tissue/organs: Thyroid Gland
- Effects on tissue/organs: Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones
- hypersecretion: Grave’s disease
- hyposecretion: Cretinism in children; myxedema in adults
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Target tissue/organs: Adrenal cortex
- Effects on tissue/organs: Promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens
- hypersecretion: Cushing’s disease
Follicle stimulating Hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Target tissue/organs: Ovaries in females, testes in males
- Effects on tissue/organs: stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production in females, and stimulates sperm production in males
- hyposecretion: Failure of sexual maturation
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Target tissue/organs: Ovaries in females, testes in males
- Effects on tissue/organs: triggers ovulation and stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone in females, and promotes testosterone production in males
- hyposecretion: Failure of sexual maturation
Prolactin
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Target tissue/organs: Breast
- Effects on tissue/organs: Promotes lactation
- hypersecretion: inappropriate milk production; cessation of menses in female
impotence in males - hyposecretion: Poor milk production in nursing women
What are the hormones the anterior pituitary gland secretes?
- Growth hormone
- Thyroid hormone
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
- Follicle stimulating Hormone
- Luteinizing Hormone
- Prolactin
Oxytocin
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Posterior Pituitary Gland
- Target tissue/organs: Uterus and Breast
- Effects on tissue/organs: Stimulates uterine contraction, which stimulates labor; and initiates milk ejection
- hypersecretion/hyposecretion: none
Antidiuretic hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Posterior Pituitary Gland
- Target tissue/organs: Kidney
- Effects on tissue/organs: Stimulate kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water
- hypersecretion: Syndrome of inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH)
- hyposecretion: Diabetes insipidus
What are the hormones the posterior pituitary gland secretes?
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone
Thyroid hormones (Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine)
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Thyroid gland
- Target tissue/organs: most cells of the body
- Effects on tissue/organs: Increases metabolic rates, essential
to normal process of growth and maturation - hypersecretion: excessive skeletal growth in children and demineralization of the bones in adults
- hyposecretion: growth retardation in children and joint pain in adults
Calcitonin
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Thyroid gland
- Target tissue/organs: primarily bone
- Effects on tissue/organs: Decreases rate of bone breakdown; prevents large increase in blood calcium ion levels following a meal.
- hypersecretion/hyposecretion: none
What are the hormones the thyroid gland secretes?
thyroid hormones (Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine)
calcitonin
Parathyroid Hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Parathyroid gland
- Target tissue/organs: bone and kidney
- Effects on tissue/organs: Increases rate of bone breakdown by osteoclasts; increases vitamin D synthesis and essential for maintenance of blood calcium levels
- hypersecretion: Hyperparathyroidism
- hyposecretion: Hypoparathyroidism
Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Adrenal medulla
- Target tissue/organs: Sympathetic nervous system target organs
- Effects on tissue/organs: Increase heart rate and metabolic rate ; increase blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction
- hypersecretion: – Prolonged fight or flight response; hypertension
Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Adrenal cortex
- Target tissue/organs: kidneys
- Effects on tissue/organs: Increase blood levels of Sodium ions and decrease blood levels of potassium ions; Water retention in the body
- hypersecretion: Aldosteronism
- hyposecretion: Addison’s disease
Glucocorticoids
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Adrenal cortex
- Target tissue/organs: most cells of the body
- Effects on tissue/organs: Increase fat rate and protein breakdown; increase glucose synthesis from amino acids; increase blood nutrient levels; inhibit inflammation and immune response
- hypersecretion: Cushing’s syndrome
- hyposecretion: Addison’s disease
Adrenal androgens
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Adrenal cortex
- Target tissue/organs: most tissues
- Effects on tissue/organs: Stimulates male sexual characteristics; increase female sexual drive, growth of pubic and axillary hair
- hypersecretion: Masculinization of female
What are the hormones the adrenal cortex secretes?
- Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
- Glucocorticoids
- Adrenal Androgens
Insulin
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Pancreas
- Target tissue/organs: liver
- Effects on tissue/organs: Increases uptake and use of glucose and amino acids
- hypersecretion: hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia
- hyposecretion: diabetes
Glucagon
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Pancreas
- Target tissue/organs: liver
- Effects on tissue/organs: Increases breakdown of glycogen
and release of glucose into the circulatory system - hypersecretion: diabetes; glucagonoma
- hyposecretion: hypoglycemia
What are the hormones the pancreas secretes?
- Insulin
- glucagon
Testosterone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Testes
- Target tissue/organs: most tissues
- Effects on tissue/organs: Sperm production; maintenance of functional reproductive organs; secondary sexual characteristics; sexual behavior
- hypersecretion: Exaggerated sexual characteristics
- hyposecretion: lack of sexual characteristics
estrogens and progesterone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:
- Gland secreted from: Ovaries
- Target tissue/organs: most tissues
- Effects on tissue/organs: Aid in uterine and mammary gland development and function, external genitalia structure; secondary sexual characteristics; sexual behavior and menstrual cycle
- hypersecretion: Exaggerated sexual characteristics
- hyposecretion: lack of sexual characteristics