Respiratory & Ocular Cytology Flashcards
What are the preservatives that can be used if the delay to send BAL samples is >24hrs?
serum (4 drops/mL)
EDTA (stops clotting of cells but does not prevent breakdown of cells)
BAL sample- normal or abnormal?
Normal
Is this a normal BAL?
No, oropharyngeal contamination indicated by large bacillus bacteria = conchiformibius
Inflammation or not?
What level of NT need to be present for inflammation to be determined?
Inflammation, non-degenerate NT
>5% NT
What are the causes of non-septic neutrophilic inflammation?
Tissue irritation & necrosis (2nd to an inhaled toxin)
ARDS
Inflammatory airway disease & recurrent airway obstruction in horses
neoplasia
BAL from a horse.
Classify this via cytology.
What are the possible causes?
septic neutrophilic inflammation
Causes: bacterial, fungal, protozoal, viral, nematode
BAL from a dog.
Classify.
What are the possible causes?
mixed/pyogranulomatous inflammation (mainly macrophages & lymphocytes, NT vary)
Causes: chronic inflammation/infection (bronchitis, RAO aka heaves, fungal/protozoal, viral (syncytial cell forming), foreign material, lipid pneumonia
BAL in a horse with chronic recurrent airway obstruction.
Classify.
mixed inflammation (multinucleated macrophage)
What percent of eosinophils need to be present in order to have eosinophilic inflammation in dogs, cats, and horses?
dog >5-10%
cat >20%
horse >1%
What are the potential differentials for eosinophilic inflammation?
- Parasitic migration
- Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
- Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
- Inflammatory airway disease in horses
- Allergic / hypersensitivity reactions
What is the most common cause of eosinophilic inflammation in the respiratory system?
• Allergic / hypersensitivity reactions
▫ Most common (unknown initiating cause)
▫ Siberian Huskies and Alaskan Malamutes
Classify the BAL fluid.
Eosinophilic inflammation
What is shown in the picture that is commonly associated with eosinophilic inflammation?
Curschmann’s spiral
(also goblet cells aka increase mucus production)
What is seen in this BAL cytology?
Nematode
Classify the BAL.
What are the possible causes?
Hemorrhage (hemosiderin laden reactive macrophage)
Causes: EIPH, asthma, trauma, coagulopathies, THE, neoplasia
Are neoplastic cells in BAL common?
What are the two common forms of neoplasia identified?
no, rare
bronchogenic carcinomas, angiocentric T-cell lymphoma (aka lymphomatoid granulomatosis)
Classify this BAL.
Neoplastic (multinucleated cells)
chalazion
lipogranuloma
Hordeolum
purulent in the eye
What are the two most common neoplasms in the eye?
Meibomian gland adenomas
sebaceous epithelioma
Tissue aspirate from the eye.
Classify.
Inflammatory
chalazion/hordeolum
What are these cells typically associated with?
eosinophilic inflammation
What collection technique would you perform for an ocular mass vs. placque?
mass: aspirate
plaque: skin scraping
What malignant neoplasm of the eye is most common in both SA & horses?
SCC
Classify this ocular aspirate.
SCC (robin’s egg cytoplasm)
What are the normal findings in an ocular scraping?
superficial squamous epithelium
occasional lymphocyte
melanin granules
Classify this eye scraping.
What is the likely causative agent?
Bacterial neutrophilic inflammation
Chlamydia (discrete basophilic inclusions in EPITHELIAL CELLS)
What is the likely causative agent in this eye scraping?
mycoplasma
When this is seen on ocular cytology, what do you suspect is the primary problem?
KCS (mucus cells)
Classify the lesion based on the ocular cytology.
What are the possible causes and what is most likely for outdoor animals?
Lymphocytic / Plasmacytic Conjunctivitis
Causes: acute stage viral infection, follicular conjunctivitis (#1 outdoor animals), allergic/immune
What are the common viral agents of conjunctivitis?
Which can inclusions be seen?
Feline herpes
Canine distemper (may see inclusions)
Equine adenovirus
How does the type of inflammation change overtime with viral infections?
Acute: Lymphocytic /plasmacytic
Chronic: NT
Classify the type of inflammation seen in this ocular cytology.
What are the common causes in the cat and horse?
eosinophilic inflammation
Allergic/HS & immune mediated for both, horse- habronema/onchocerca
Corneal cytology in a horse. Likely Dx?
Keratomycosis
What are the common causes of neutrophilic keratitis?
bacterial
fungal (horse)
Classify this corneal cytology.
Possible causes?
Pyogranulomatous inflammation
Causes: pannus (GSH, immune-mediated), KCS, FB
A horse presents with a white/flesh colored raised lesion on the cornea. Corneal cytology is shown.
Classify the lesion.
Possible causes?
What species are these lesions commonly seen in?
Eosinophilic inflammation
allergic, parasitic, immune-mediated
cats & horses
The following corneal scraping cytology was obtained from a horse.
Classify the lesion.
Are similar lesions common in small animals?
Neoplastic (likely SCC)
not common in small animals, but can see in the cow
