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Cytodiagnostics > Epithelial & Neuroendocrine Neoplasia > Flashcards

Epithelial & Neuroendocrine Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial neoplasms?

A
  1. readily exfoliate
  2. cohesive clusters & sheets
  3. Distinct cytoplasmic borders
  4. oval/polygonal cells
  5. Acinar formation
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2
Q

What two epithelial tumors require histopathology for evaluation of malignancy?

A

mammary tumors

hepatocellular tumors

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3
Q

Via which route do epithelial cells metastasize?

A

lymphatics

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4
Q

Benign or malignant?

Tumor type?

A

benign

sebaceous epithelioma

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5
Q

What is the most common cutaneous tumor of the dog and cat?

A

Basal cell tumors aka cutaneous adnexal tumors

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6
Q

What two basal cell tumors are malignant?

A

Malignant trichoepithelioma

Malignant pilomatricoma

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7
Q

Benign or malignant?

Tumor type?

Characteristics of tumor type?

A

Benign

Basal cell tumor

highly basophilic cytoplasm, tightly adhered clumps, high N:C ratio

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8
Q

What type of epithelial differentiation is seen with this slide?

A

follicular (keratin production)

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9
Q

Most apocrine gland tumors are benign T/F?

A

True

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10
Q

Breed predisposition for ceruminous gland adenoma vs. carcinoma?

A

Cocker spaniel for both

Shih Tzu for adenoma

Cats for carcinoma

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11
Q

Tumor type?

A

Sebaceous gland tumor

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12
Q

What are the two types of perianal neoplasms and their general appearance?

A
  1. Circumanal gland (hepatoid): epithelial
  2. Anal sac apocrine gland: neuroendocrine
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13
Q

Where are basal cell tumors most often found?

A

head & neck

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14
Q

Benign or malignant?

Tumor type?

From what structure do these arise?

What drives their development?

A

Benign

Perianal neoplasm

modified sebaceous glands in dogs

Androgens

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15
Q

Describe the characteristics of this circumanal gland tumor?

A

Clusters hepatoid polyhedral cells

Basophilic cytoplasm with pink hue

Round/oval nucleus w/ clumped chromatin & 1/2 nucleoli

Low N:C ratio

Reserve cells w/ higher N:C ratio

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16
Q

An 8-year-old male intact GSH presented for a mass on his prepuce.

Tumor type?

A

Benign perianal gland neoplasm

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17
Q

What recommendation should be made for an intact male dog with a perianal gland adenoma for treatment?

A

surgical excision and neuter, otherwise reoccurrence is common

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18
Q

Describe the characteristics of an Anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma seen in this image?

A

high N:C

nuclei fairly uniform

Clumps/sheets of cells

INDISTINCT cellular borders

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19
Q

What sequelae of an anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma is commonly seen?

A

hyperCa

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20
Q

In which species are mammary tumors 3rd most common?

A

felines & canines

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21
Q

In regards to mammary neoplasms, which type do rats vs. mice typically get?

A

Rats: fibroadenoma

Mice: adenocarcinomas

22
Q

What is the most common malignant tumor of the oral cavity?

A

SCC

23
Q

What are the common sites for SCC in the horse?

A

penile/vulvar

Cornea

24
Q

What are the cytologic features of SCC seen in this image?

A
  1. angular cytoplasmic borders
  2. asynchrony of maturation (keratinization)
  3. small, perinuclear vacuoles (keratohyalin)
  4. Loss of cohesion
25
Q

What characteristic of SCC is shown here?

A

small, perinuclear punctate vacoules

26
Q

Benign or malignant?

Tumor type?

A

malignant

SCC

(punctate vacoules, keratinization, anuglar borders)

27
Q

Which locations of SCC are more likely to metastasize?

A

tongue, tonsils, digits

28
Q

A 10 year old female DSH presents with this lesion on the nose. Why would an FNA be preferred over an impression smear?

A

FNA will sample portion of mass not inflamed and ulcerated

29
Q

Benign or malignant?

Tumor type?

A

malignant

SCC

[deep blue cytoplasm, open chromatin, pleomorphism, anisokaryosis, high N:C]

30
Q

Where is transitional cell carcinoma typically located?

A

trigone of the bladder

31
Q

A male, intact pitbull presented for his annual exam. On rectal, you palpate a symmetrically enlarged, non-painful prostate. The image below shows the cytology results.

Benign or malignant?

Tumor type?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

32
Q

A 12-year-old golden retriever presents for hematuria. On rectal exam, you palpated a nodular, asymmetrically enlarged prostate that is painful on palpation. The image shows that cytology results.

What is your top differential?

What the likely locations for metastasis?

A

Prostatic carcinoma

local L.N., other organs, axial skeleton*

33
Q

Why do we rely on histopathology to determine malignancy and biological behavior of neuroendocrine tumors?

A

Cytologically, they appear as uniform populations with minimal atypia

34
Q

What are the characteristics of neuroendocrine tumors?

A

Tumors of chemoreceptors & endocrine glands

exfoliate well

free nuclei in the background- lysed cells (fragile)

35
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to thyroid tumors?

A

golden retriever

boxer

beagle

36
Q

Benign or malignant?

Tumor type?

Distinguishing characteristics?

A

Need histopathology to determine biologic behavior

Neuroendocrine, thyroid neoplasm

pink material= colloid, black dot arrow points to=tyrosine granule

37
Q

Tumor type?

A

Neuroendocrine, thyroid neoplasm

38
Q

A 10 year old female DSH present to your clinic with a >5 cm mass on the ventral neck. The FNA of the mass suggests what tumor type and what characteristics is more commonly seen? Should you FNA the local L.N.? Would you expect clinical signs in this animal of hyperthyroidism?

A

Neuroendocrine, thyroid neoplasm & free nuclei in the background of cytoplasm with few distinct borders, colloid present

Typically these neoplasms are benign (adenomas) and do not metastasize, so FNA of local L.N. not needed.

Yes, clinical signs common since the tumor is functional

39
Q

On cytology you diagnose a thyroid neoplasm in a canine. Would you expect the canine to be clinical for hyperthyroidism? What will you tell the owner about prognosis if the mass is >5 cm?

A

NO, not clinical for hyperthyroidism

Malignant with 40% chance of metastasis

40
Q

An equine presents with a mass on the ventral neck that has been slowly growing in size. Based on the FNA image, what is the tumor type? Are you concerned for malignancy & will the horse be clinical for hyperthyroidism?

A

Neuroendocrine, thyroid neoplasm (tyrosine granules)

Most likely benign

usually non-functional

41
Q

What are the changes on a chemistry that will be seen with a parathyroid neoplasm? Are these more likely malignant or benign?

A

HyperCa, HypoP, normal to high PTH

Majority are benign

42
Q

An impression smear of a liver mass in a 10-year-old dog that had an episode of acute collapse and seizures from hypoglycemia. DDX?

A

Insulinoma (neuroendocrine)

most likely malignant

numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles

43
Q

Which species is insulinoma common in?

A

ferrets

44
Q

A 7 year old brachycephalic breed dog present on emergency for pericardial effusion & C.S. of RHF. You take radiographs and see a mass at the heart base. The FNA sample is shown below. DDX? Is this mass typically aggressive and fast growing or slow growing?

A

Chemodectoma (aortic body tumor), Neuroendocrine

Characteristics: highly cellular, round nuclei, neuroendocrine appearance

slow growing

45
Q

Which species do we typically see adrenal cortical neoplasms?

A

dogs (rare in cat)

ferrets

46
Q

A 10 year old canine presents for alopecia on ventrum and enlarged abdomen plus PU/PD. After your workup, you diagnose him with a functional adrenal cortical adenocarcinoma. What is the concern when surgically resecting this tumor and where would you want to check for mets? The cytology of the tumor is shown below. What is the defining characteristic?

A

Local invasion into the CVC & renal v. could result in significant hemorrhage and inability to remove all of the mass. Could also metastasize to the liver.

Cytoplasmic vacuoles (similar to insulinoma)

47
Q

In the dog, are pheochromocytomas typically malignant or benign? Where do they typically met to?

A

malignant

local invasion into CVC

Distant mets to liver & lung

48
Q

Pheochromocytomas are very common, especially in dogs and they are typically the only neoplasm found at diagnosis. T/F?

A

FALSE

very rare

>50% occurrence of concurrent neoplasms

49
Q

From what cells are pheochromocytomas derived?

Cytologic characteristics?

A

chromaffin cells

Neuroendocrine appearance, variable anaplasia (less differentiated), may see multinucleated cells

50
Q

Paroxysmal catecholamine release occurs 50% of the time with pheochromocytomas and >10% exhibit hyperadrenocorticism. They are typically found incidentally. T/F?

A

True

50% asymptomatic

51
Q
A

Cytodiagnostics (9 decks)

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