Respiratory infections Flashcards
Mode of spread of influenza?
droplet
Three complications of influenza?
Bronchitis Pneumonia: esp. Staph Sinusitis Encephalitis Pericarditis
Two drugs used for severe influenza treatment?
oseltamivir
zanamivir
amantidine= M2 inhibitor
List two viral infections that can result in pneumonia
influenza
SARS
COVID
Two complications of the common cold
otitits media, sinusitis
Which virus accounts for 50% of the causes of the common cold?
rhinovirus
What are the two variants of influenza B?
Victoria and Yamagata
What are the symptoms of influenza based on body system?
- Neurological- fever, headache 2. Respiratory 3. GI 4. Musculoskeletal
Name two neuraminidase inhibitors that are frequently used in the UK
oseltamivir (tamiflu), zanamivir
Which coronavirus emerged in 2002 that had a fatality rate of 9.5%?
SARS-CoV
Which coronavirus emerged in 2012 with 34.5% fatality rate?
MERS-COV
Which is the most common bacterial infection that causes pneumonia?
streptococcus pneumoniae
Two agents which cause typical pneumonia?
streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catharralis
Two agents which cause atypical pneumonia?
mycoplasma pneuomoniae, legionella pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae (rare), chlmydophila psittaci (Rare)
Three risk factors for strep pneumoniae?
HIV (T cell defect)
alcohol (affects immune system)
preexisting airway disease
smoking (Destroys epithelium)
influenza (results in post-flu pneumonia)
Two signs of classical pneumonia?
dull percussion, coarse crackles/crepitations, increased vocal resonance
What is the treatment for H.influenzae pneumonia?
amox
Two symptoms of atypical pneumonia?
Headache, myalgia (muscle pain), fatigue
Name two scoring systems are available to determine severity of pneumonia?
- Curb65 score 2. Multilobar consolidation on CXR and/or hypoxia on room air 3. Sepsis- qSOFA
What are the features of the CURB65 score?
Confusion Urea>7 Resp rate >30 BP <90/60 65- age over 65
What score is obtained on CURB65 score to determine severe pneumonia?
> 2
What are the issues with CURB65 and qSOFA?
do not factor hypoxia and consolidation!
Two examples of CAP?
strep.pneumoniae
haemophilus influenza
mycoplasma
legionella
Two examples of hospital acquired pneumonia?
MRSA
E.coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Treatment for CAP?
amoxicillin
If patient has CAP but has penicillin allergy, which abx could you give them?
clarithromycin
Oral antibiotic for hospital acquired pneumonia?
co-amoxiclav
A 65-year-old woman with COPD attends surgery with a 2-day history of worsening dyspnoea, productive cough, and fever. On examination, she has basal crackles on the right side. What is the most likely causative organism?
This is an infective exacerbation of COPD, with the fever and basal crackles indicating a bacterial cause. The most common cause in COPD is Haemophilus influenzae.
An 8-year-old boy is brought in by his mother with a history of shortness of breath and fever over the last few hours. On examination, he has a toxic appearance, has inspiratory stridor, and is drooling. What is the most likely organism?
The history indicates acute epiglottitis, and this child would obviously need an ambulance to transfer him to the emergency department urgently. The most common cause of acute epiglottitis in children is Haemophilus influenzae type B, and the incidence of acute epiglottitis has fallen since the introduction of the Hib vaccine.
A 27-year-old man attends with a 2-day history of right-sided otalgia and discharge. He is a keen swimmer. On examination, the external auditory canal is swollen and erythematous, with purulent material on the walls. Organism?
Bacterial causes of otitis externa are most common, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa being most prevalent. Other causes include Staphylococcus aureus
