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PSIO 201 > Respiratory/Immune > Flashcards

Respiratory/Immune Flashcards

1
Q

what is external respiration

A

the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood

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2
Q

what is internal respiration

A

gas exchange between capillary blood and the cells in tissue

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3
Q

where does the conducting zone end

A

terminal bronchioles

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4
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments does the right lung have

A

10

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5
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments does the left lung have

A

8

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6
Q

what does each terminal bronchiole supply

A

one lung lobule

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7
Q

what type of alveolar cell make up 97% of an alveoli

A

type 1 alveolar cells

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8
Q

what type of alveolar cells make up 3% of an alveoli

A

type 2 alveolar cells

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9
Q

what is nutritional flow

A

when the lung tissue receivesoxygenated blood form the bronchial arteries, which branch off from the aorta

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10
Q

what is pulmonary flow

A

the pulmonary arteries supply the lung capillaries which turn into the pulmonary vein

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11
Q

how does the diaphram help inspiration

A

stretches the thoracic cavity longwise

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12
Q

how do external intercostal muscles help inspiration

A

move ribs up and outward expanding the ribcage

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13
Q

how does the sternoclamatoid muscle help inspiration

A

elevates the sternum

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14
Q

how do the scalenes help inspiration

A

elevate the top two ribs

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15
Q

how do the internal intercostal muscles help expiration

A

muscles pull ribs downward & inward, reducing the diameter of the rib cage

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16
Q

how do abdominal muscles help expiration

A

depress the lower ribs and elevate the diaphragm by increasing abdominal pressure

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17
Q

when does inspiration occur

A

when pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the pressure in the atmosphere, P lung < P atmosphere

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18
Q

when does expiration occur

A

occurs when pressure in the lungs is higher than the pressure in the atmosphere, P lung > P atmosphere

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19
Q

what is transpulmonary pressure

A

The pressure difference between the pressure inside the alveoli and the pressure outside the lungs in the pleural cavity

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20
Q

what are the 2 ways that O2 is transported in the blood

A

dissolved in the plasma and bound to hemoglobin

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21
Q

what is a Bohr shift

A

a shift in the oxy-hemo curve to right, due to low blood ph, increased blood PCO2, and increased temperature

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22
Q

what is hypoxia

A

inadequate oxygen at the tissue level

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23
Q

what is anemia

A

lowered ability of blood to carry oxygen because of low hemoglobin

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24
Q

what is hypoxemia

A

low blood O2 due to low hemoglobin saturation

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25
Q

what are the three methods of CO2 transportation

A

in plasma as bicarbonate ions, bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin, disolved in plasma

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26
Q

what is the name of the group of inspiratory neurons

A

DRG, dorsal respiratory group

27
Q

what is the name of the group of expiratory neurons

A

VRG, ventral respiratory group

28
Q

Are the expiratory neurons active during rest

A

no

29
Q

what are the two centers of the pontine respiratory group

A

apneuistic center, and pnuemotaxic center

30
Q

what does the apneuistic center do

A

stimulates the DRG

31
Q

what does the pnuemotaxic center do

A

fine tunes breathing, inhibits DRG

32
Q

What do pulomary stretch receptors respond to

A

responds when bronchioles are inflated or stretched

33
Q

What do central Chemoreceptors respond to

A

low pH and high CO2 in CSF in brain

34
Q

what do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to

A

respond to low O2 levels in blood

35
Q

what are the primary lymphatic organs

A

red bone marrow and thymus

36
Q

what are lymph nodes

A

small swellings where lymph if filtered, found at irregular intervals

37
Q

what is innate immunity

A

the body’s first line of defense, non specific

38
Q

what are physical barriers

A

skin, mucous membranes, hairs and cilia, acid, tears

39
Q

what is a fever

A

when the body’s thermostat is set upwards in repsonse to a pyrogen

40
Q

what si inflammation

A

the bodily repsonse to when tissues are damaged

41
Q

what are the 4 signs of acute inflammation

A

redness, heat,swelling, and pain

42
Q

what are the three phagocytic white blood cells

A

neutrophils, eosionophil, monocyte

43
Q

what are natural killer cells

A

special class of T cells which perform generalized functions such as kill tumor cells and infected cells

44
Q

how to NKC kill

A

by cytolysis, they secrete perforin

45
Q

what are the two antimicrobial proteins

A

interferons and complement proteins

46
Q

how do interferons work

A

virus infected cells release interferons which bind to a non infected cell causing the release of anti viral proteins

47
Q

what do complement proteins do

A

Form MAC attacks that punch holes in the membrane of intruders

48
Q

what is one feature about adaptive immunity

A

tolerance for self proteins and specificity for particular foreign molecules

49
Q

what is another feature about adaptive immunity

A

memory of past foreign molecules

50
Q

where do b cells mature

A

in bone marrow

51
Q

where do t cells mature

A

thymus

52
Q

how many amino acids in a sequence are needed to distinguish bacteria from human protein

A

8

53
Q

what are residual bodies

A

the remnants of a pathogen after a phagocyte has eaten them

54
Q

what are MHC proteins

A

they display antigens to the immune system

55
Q

what kind of antigen does MHC 2 protein present

A

extracellular, proteins digested by phagocytes

56
Q

what kind of cell interacts with the antigen found on MHC 2 proteins

A

helper t cells

57
Q

what kind of antigen does MHC 1 present

A

intracellular proteins by random sampling

58
Q

what kind of cell interacts with the antigen presented MHC 1 proteins

A

cytotoxic t cells

59
Q

what kind of cells present antigen with the MHC 1 protein

A

all nucleated cells

60
Q

what is the the only kind of cell that can interact with MHC 1 proteins

A

T CELL

61
Q

helper t cells are aka

A

CD4

62
Q

cytotoxic t cells are aka

A

CD8

63
Q

a complete antigen has which two properties

A

immunogenicity and reactivity

PSIO 201 (8 decks)

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