Respiratory/Immune Flashcards
what is external respiration
the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood
what is internal respiration
gas exchange between capillary blood and the cells in tissue
where does the conducting zone end
terminal bronchioles
how many bronchopulmonary segments does the right lung have
10
how many bronchopulmonary segments does the left lung have
8
what does each terminal bronchiole supply
one lung lobule
what type of alveolar cell make up 97% of an alveoli
type 1 alveolar cells
what type of alveolar cells make up 3% of an alveoli
type 2 alveolar cells
what is nutritional flow
when the lung tissue receivesoxygenated blood form the bronchial arteries, which branch off from the aorta
what is pulmonary flow
the pulmonary arteries supply the lung capillaries which turn into the pulmonary vein
how does the diaphram help inspiration
stretches the thoracic cavity longwise
how do external intercostal muscles help inspiration
move ribs up and outward expanding the ribcage
how does the sternoclamatoid muscle help inspiration
elevates the sternum
how do the scalenes help inspiration
elevate the top two ribs
how do the internal intercostal muscles help expiration
muscles pull ribs downward & inward, reducing the diameter of the rib cage
how do abdominal muscles help expiration
depress the lower ribs and elevate the diaphragm by increasing abdominal pressure
when does inspiration occur
when pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the pressure in the atmosphere, P lung < P atmosphere
when does expiration occur
occurs when pressure in the lungs is higher than the pressure in the atmosphere, P lung > P atmosphere
what is transpulmonary pressure
The pressure difference between the pressure inside the alveoli and the pressure outside the lungs in the pleural cavity
what are the 2 ways that O2 is transported in the blood
dissolved in the plasma and bound to hemoglobin
what is a Bohr shift
a shift in the oxy-hemo curve to right, due to low blood ph, increased blood PCO2, and increased temperature
what is hypoxia
inadequate oxygen at the tissue level
what is anemia
lowered ability of blood to carry oxygen because of low hemoglobin
what is hypoxemia
low blood O2 due to low hemoglobin saturation
what are the three methods of CO2 transportation
in plasma as bicarbonate ions, bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin, disolved in plasma
what is the name of the group of inspiratory neurons
DRG, dorsal respiratory group
what is the name of the group of expiratory neurons
VRG, ventral respiratory group
Are the expiratory neurons active during rest
no
what are the two centers of the pontine respiratory group
apneuistic center, and pnuemotaxic center
what does the apneuistic center do
stimulates the DRG
what does the pnuemotaxic center do
fine tunes breathing, inhibits DRG
What do pulomary stretch receptors respond to
responds when bronchioles are inflated or stretched
What do central Chemoreceptors respond to
low pH and high CO2 in CSF in brain
what do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to
respond to low O2 levels in blood
what are the primary lymphatic organs
red bone marrow and thymus
what are lymph nodes
small swellings where lymph if filtered, found at irregular intervals
what is innate immunity
the body’s first line of defense, non specific
what are physical barriers
skin, mucous membranes, hairs and cilia, acid, tears
what is a fever
when the body’s thermostat is set upwards in repsonse to a pyrogen
what si inflammation
the bodily repsonse to when tissues are damaged
what are the 4 signs of acute inflammation
redness, heat,swelling, and pain
what are the three phagocytic white blood cells
neutrophils, eosionophil, monocyte
what are natural killer cells
special class of T cells which perform generalized functions such as kill tumor cells and infected cells
how to NKC kill
by cytolysis, they secrete perforin
what are the two antimicrobial proteins
interferons and complement proteins
how do interferons work
virus infected cells release interferons which bind to a non infected cell causing the release of anti viral proteins
what do complement proteins do
Form MAC attacks that punch holes in the membrane of intruders
what is one feature about adaptive immunity
tolerance for self proteins and specificity for particular foreign molecules
what is another feature about adaptive immunity
memory of past foreign molecules
where do b cells mature
in bone marrow
where do t cells mature
thymus
how many amino acids in a sequence are needed to distinguish bacteria from human protein
8
what are residual bodies
the remnants of a pathogen after a phagocyte has eaten them
what are MHC proteins
they display antigens to the immune system
what kind of antigen does MHC 2 protein present
extracellular, proteins digested by phagocytes
what kind of cell interacts with the antigen found on MHC 2 proteins
helper t cells
what kind of antigen does MHC 1 present
intracellular proteins by random sampling
what kind of cell interacts with the antigen presented MHC 1 proteins
cytotoxic t cells
what kind of cells present antigen with the MHC 1 protein
all nucleated cells
what is the the only kind of cell that can interact with MHC 1 proteins
T CELL
helper t cells are aka
CD4
cytotoxic t cells are aka
CD8
a complete antigen has which two properties
immunogenicity and reactivity
