Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSIO 201 > Endocrine/Digestive > Flashcards

Endocrine/Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 endocrine glands

A

pitutary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is an exocrine gland

A

secretes products into ducts or lumens to the outer surface of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is an endocrine gland

A

secrete products into interstitial fluid which diffuse into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are local hormones

A

act locally on neighboring cells or the same cell that secreted them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is paracrine hormone

A

when the hormone is relsed onto a neighboring cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is autocrine signaling

A

when the hormone is released onto the same cell that secreted it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how do lipid soluble hormones travel in the bloodstream

A

they have to bind to a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the two types of circulating hormones

A

lipid soluble and water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the two kinds of lipid soluble hormones

A

steroid and thyroid hormones’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are steroid hormones derived from

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are examples of steroid hormones

A

cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are thyroid hormones derived from

A

a tyrosine ring with iodine attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the two types of water soluble hormones

A

peptide/protein hormones and biogenic amines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are examples of peptide hormones

A

ADH, oxytocin, hGH, TSH, ACTH, insulin, glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where do biogenic amines come from

A

modified amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are examples of biogenic amines

A

NE, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, melatonin, histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the mechanism of lipid soluble hormones

A

intracellular receptors, this new complex alter gene expression and specific proteins are created in response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how do peptide hormones work

A

bind to an receptor on cell surface, trigger a cascade of protein reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how does the hypothalamus control the anterior pituitary gland

A

releases, relesasing hormones or inhibiting hormones that act on cell s in the anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how does the hypothalamus control posterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus relseases other hormones directly into circulation through posterior pitutary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the 5 main cell types in the anterior pituitary

A

somatotrophs, thyrotrophs, lactotrophs, gonadotrophs, corticotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do somatotrophs secrete

A

human growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

thyrotrophs secrete

A

thyroid simulating hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

lactotrophs secrete

A

prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

gonadotrophs secrete

A

follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

coroticotrophs secrete

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone and melanocyte stimulating hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what happens in the target cells of human growth hormone

A

increases synthesis of insulin like growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what do insulin like growth factors do

A

increase cell growth and cell division, uptake amino acids, increase synthesis of proteins, stimulate lipolysis in adipose tissue, decrease glucose in body and save it for brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what regulates human growth hormone release

A

GHRH and GHIH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is stimuli for the releases of GHRH

A

hypoglycemia, decreases fatty acids, increased amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is stimuli for the release of of GHIH

A

hyperglycemia, increased fatty acids and decreased amino acids in blood, high levels of human growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) do

A

stimulates gonadotrophs to produce follicle simulating hormone or luteinizing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what does FSH do in females

A

stimulates secretion of estrogen, initiates formation of follicle in the ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what does FSH do in males

A

stimulates sperm production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does LH do in females

A

secretion of estrogen and progestrone, ovulation, formation of corpus lutetium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what does LH do in males

A

secretion of testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what does PRH do

A

stimulates lactotrophs to produce prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what does prolactin do

A

causes milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what does CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) do

A

stimulates corticotrophs to release adrenocorticotropic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does ACTH

A

stimulates release of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what does TRH do

A

stimulates thyrotrophs to produce TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what does TSH do

A

stimulate secretion of T3 and T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

does the posterior pituitary gland synthesize hormones

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the posterior pituitary gland made of

A

two groups of hypothalamic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH/vasopressin and oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

where is ADH produced

A

by cells in the supraoptic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are the actions of ADH

A

decreases urine production by stimulating kidneys to return water, prevents water loss in sweat glands, constriction of arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what triggers release of ADH

A

dehydration or high blood osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

when is ADH inhibited

A

overhydration or low osmolarity of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

where is oxytocin produced

A

cells of the paraventricular nucleaus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

describe the regulation of oxytocin during child birth

A

stretching of the cervix by baby’s head causes the release of oxytocin, the oxytocin causes the uterus to contract, the babys head is pushed further down the cervix causing oxytocin to be released even more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

how does oxytocin effect breast feeding

A

causes milk to be ejected from mammary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

which thyroid cells produce T3 and T4

A

follicular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what are the actions of thyroid hormones

A

increases BMR by stimulating cells to use oxygen to make ATP, increased cellular consumption of glucose, fatty acids, and triglycerides. create more Na/K ATPase, enhance actions of sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

how does thyroid hyposecretion effect children

A

dwarfism and severe mental retardation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

how does thyroid hyposectrion effect adults

A

edema, low heart rate, muscle weakness, cold, low body temp, weight gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

symptoms of hypersecretion of thyroid

A

weight loss, nervousness, tremors, increased heart rate and blood pressure, high body temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what is goiter

A

enlarged thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

calcitonin is secreted by what cell in the thyroid gland

A

parafollicular cells or c cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what does calcitonin do

A

lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts

61
Q

what cells secrete parathyroid hormone

A

chief cells in the parathyroid gland

62
Q

what does parathyroid hormone do

A

raises blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts, increases reabsorption of calcium by kidneys, promotes formation of calcitriol aka vitamin D

63
Q

what are the 3 subdivisions of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona recticularis

64
Q

what does the zona glomerulosa secrete

A

mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone

65
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

increases absorption of Na by kidneys and promotes excretion of K

66
Q

what does the zona fasciculata release

A

glucocorticoids mainly cortisol

67
Q

what does cortisol do

A

increase rate of protein catabolism and lipolysis, promote gluconeogensis

68
Q

what else do glucocorticoids do

A

raise blood pressure by increasing sensitivity of blood vessels to other hormones that cause vasoconstriction

69
Q

what is cushings syndrome

A

hypersectrion of glucocorticoids

70
Q

what is addisons disease

A

hyposecretion of glucocorticoids

71
Q

what does the zona recticularis release

A

androgens

72
Q

what does the adrenal medulla release

A

chromaffin cells that reciev direct innervation form the SNS, produce epinephrine and NE

73
Q

what do the beta cells of the pancreas release

A

insulin

74
Q

what do the alpha cells of the pancreas release

A

glucagon

75
Q

what is the first layer of the digestive tract

A

mucosa

76
Q

What is the purpose of the epithelium in the mucosa layer

A

secrete enzymes and mucous, enteroendocrine cells

77
Q

what is the lamina propria

A

thin layer of loose connective tissue in the mucosa layer

78
Q

what is the muscularis mucosae

A

thin layer of smooth muscle that causes folds to form in mucosal layer

79
Q

what is the second layer of the gi tract

A

submucosa

80
Q

what is the submucosa

A

loose connective tissue conatining blood vessels, glands, and lymphatic tissue

81
Q

what is the submucosal plexus

A

part of the enteric nervous system, regulates blood vessel diameter, secretions from glands and neurons

82
Q

what is the third layer of the gi tract

A

muscularis

83
Q

what is the muscularis

A

a muscle layer that helps to push food through the gi tract

84
Q

what is the myenteric plexus

A

found in muscularis layer, part of enteric nervous system

85
Q

what is the 4th layer of the gi tract

A

serosa or adventitia

86
Q

what is the serosa

A

a serous memebrane aka the visceral perotineum, called adventitia for the esophagaous

87
Q

what is the parietal peritoneum

A

lines walls of abdmonial cavity

88
Q

what is visceral peritoneum

A

covers organs

89
Q

what is mastication

A

chewing

90
Q

what are two enzymes found in the mouth

A

salivary amylase and lingual lipase

91
Q

what are the three major salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

92
Q

what is deglutition

A

swallowing

93
Q

what is the voluntary stage

A

food pushed by tongue into oropharynx

94
Q

what is pharengyal stage

A

involuntary

95
Q

what is the esophageal stage

A

upper esophageal sphincter relaxes and food goes down by peristalsis

96
Q

what is gerd

A

lower esophageal sphincter doesn’t close and food comes back up burning

97
Q

where are unitary sm cells found

A

walls of digestive tract, gall bladder, urinary bladder

98
Q

characteristics of unitary sm cells

A

autorythmic connect via gap junctions, cell membranes adhere to one another

99
Q

what are the 4 parts of the stomach

A

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

100
Q

what does gastric surface mucous cell secrete

A

mucous

101
Q

what does gastric mucous neck cells secrete

A

mucous

102
Q

what does gastric parietal cell secrete

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

103
Q

what does gastric chief cell secrete

A

pepsiongen and gastric lipase

104
Q

what does G cell secrete

A

gastrin

105
Q

what happens to pepsinogen

A

HCl activates it turning it into pepsin

106
Q

what is absorbed in the stomach

A

water, electrolytes, aspirin and alcohol

107
Q

what branch of the ANS makes stomach contractions more strong

A

PANS

108
Q

when is gastrin relseased into the bloodstream

A

when stomach stretches because of food

109
Q

what does gastrin do

A

increase stomach gland secretions and pyloric sphincter relaxation

110
Q

what are the three part of the small intestine in order

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

111
Q

what does a si absorptive cell do

A

absorbs nutrients

112
Q

what does a small intestine goblet cell do

A

secretes mucus

113
Q

what do S cells secrete

A

secretin

114
Q

what do CCK cells secrete

A

cholecystokinin

115
Q

what do K cells release

A

GIP

116
Q

what do panesth cells do

A

secrete lysozome and is capable of phagocytosis

117
Q

how are glucose and galactose absorbed

A

sodium symporter

118
Q

how fructose absorbed

A

facilitated diffusion

119
Q

how does the stomach digest proteins

A

HCl denatures proteins and pepsin breaks proteins into smaller peptides

120
Q

what are two brush border enzymes for proteins

A

aminopeptidase and dipeptidase

121
Q

how do amino acids get absorbed into the epitheleal cell

A

active transport using Na or H ions

122
Q

how are short chain fatty acids absorbed

A

simple diffusion

123
Q

what happens to fats once inside an epithelal cell

A

they are coated with a protein to form a chylomicron

124
Q

where do chylomicrons go after created

A

into lacteals, then thru lymphatic system, then to liver

125
Q

what vitamin has to combine with intrinsic factor before being absorbed

A

vitamin b12

126
Q

what is a portal triad

A

bile duct, hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein

127
Q

what is the livers functional unit

A

liver lobule

128
Q

pathway of bile secretion

A

bile canaliculi -> bile ducts -> hepatic ducts -> common hepatic duct -> cystic duct + common hepatic duct -> common bile duct -> pancretaic duct

129
Q

what is gluconeogenisis

A

turn amino acids into glucose

130
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

turning glycerol portion of fats into glucose

131
Q

what is glycogenesis

A

add excess glucose into glycogen polymer for storage

132
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

breaking off glucose from glycogen polymer

133
Q

what is deamination

A

removing NH2 (amine group) from amino acids

134
Q

what is transamination

A

converts one amino acid into another

135
Q

what is haustral churning

A

when pouches fill with food and then contract and move into the next pouch

136
Q

what is the gastroilial reflex

A

when stomach is full and gastrin relaxes the ilem sphincter to let food go into the large intestine

137
Q

what is the gastrocolic reflex

A

when stomach fills perstaltic waves move contents from transverse colon in to rectum

138
Q

what is defecation reflex

A

when rectum fills u poop

139
Q

what is the cephalic phase

A

prepare the mouth and stomach for food, sights of food stimulate gastric juices and salivation

140
Q

what is the gastric phase

A

breaking down of food via mechanical and chemical digestion, gastrin is released intot he bloodstream

141
Q

what is the intestinal phase

A

intestine starts reving up

142
Q

what is is secretin

A

hormone that decreses stomach secretions

143
Q

what is cholecystokinin

A

decreses stomach emptying

144
Q

what is oxidation

A

decrease in energy of a molecule, electrons are lost

145
Q

what is reduction

A

increase in energy content of a molecule, electrons are gained

146
Q

what is the function of chylomicrons

A

transport dietary fats to adipose cells

147
Q

what is the function of VLDL

A

form in hepatocytes to transport triglycerides to adipose cells

148
Q

what is the function of LDL

A

carry blood cholesterol to cells

149
Q

what is the function of HDL

A

carry cholesterol from cells to liver for elimination

PSIO 201 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions