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PSIO 201 > renal/reproductive > Flashcards

renal/reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

what is type of nephron are the majority

A

cortical

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2
Q

what type of nephron are the minority

A

juxtamedullary

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3
Q

function of glomerular capillaries

A

where filtration of blood occurs

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4
Q

function of peritubular capillaries

A

carry away substances reabsorbed from filtrate

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5
Q

what is the filtration fraction

A

20% of plasma

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6
Q

how many liters of filtrate are reabsorbed in a day

A

180 L/day

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7
Q

what do the fenestrations of the glomerular endothelial cell do

A

prevents filtration of blood cells

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8
Q

what does the basal lamina of glomerulus do

A

prevents filtration of larger proteins

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9
Q

what doe slit membrane between pedicels do

A

prevents filtration of medium sized proteins

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10
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms of autoregulation of the GFR

A

myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback

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11
Q

what is the myogenic mechanism

A

when blood pressure stretches’ the afferent arteriole, smooth muscle contractions reduce the diameter

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12
Q

what is the tubuloglomerular feedback

A

high bp causes Na and Cl not to be reabsorbed, macula densa detects this,, inhbits nitric oxide, afferent arterioles constrict, reduce gfr

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13
Q

with moderate sympathetic stimulation what happens to gfr

A

decreases slightly

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14
Q

what happens to gfr with extreme sympathetic stimualtion

A

decreases substantially

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15
Q

what are the two hormones that contribute to the regulation of the GFR

A

ANP and angiotensin II

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16
Q

what does anp do

A

increases gfr

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17
Q

what does angiotensin ii do

A

reduces gfr by vasoconstriction

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18
Q

what is the concentration of fluid in the renal corpuscle

A

300 mOsm/liter, isotonic to blood

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19
Q

what part of the renal tubule does the most reabsorption

A

the proximal convoluted tubule

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20
Q

what is secreted during tubular secretion

A

H+ and NH4+, creatine, K+

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21
Q

what is paracellular reabsorption

A

when solutes move between cells

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22
Q

what is transcellular reabsorption

A

when solutes move through the apical and basal membranes

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23
Q

what is obligatory water reabsorption

A

when water is following solutes through diffusion

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24
Q

what is facultative water reabsorption

A

water moves in collecting duct due to ADH

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25
Q

what do Na+ symporters help reabsorb in the PCT

A

glucose, amino acids, lactic acids, water soluable vitamins

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26
Q

what is the renal threshold of glucose

A

200 mg/dL

27
Q

what is the concentration of blood at the end of the PCT

A

300 mOsm/L

28
Q

what is the concentration of blood at the end of the loop of henle

A

100-150 mOsm/L

29
Q

what are the two types of cells in the DCT and collecting duct

A

principal and intercalated cells

30
Q

what do principal cells do

A

reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium

31
Q

what do intercalated cells

A

reabsorb potassium and bicarb and screte h+

32
Q

what does ADH do to make concentrated urine

A

stimulates symporters in thick limb of ascending loop of henle, facultative water reabsorption, urea cycling

33
Q

what is countercurrent multiplication

A

a process that increases the osmotic gradient in the if of the renal medulla

34
Q

what is countercurrent exchange

A

process that allows solvents to be reabsorbed into blood and O2 delivery to cells

35
Q

what is the descending loop of henle permeable to

A

permeable to water but impermeable to solutes

36
Q

what is the ascending limb of loop of henle permeable to

A

impermeable to water but permeable to solutes

37
Q

late dct and collecting duct what is it permeable to

A

water only in the presense of ADH

38
Q

what are the three sex glands in males

A

seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral gland

39
Q

what do sertoli cells do

A

nurse cells, support sperm production,

40
Q

what do leydig cells do

A

testosterone producers

41
Q

what is spermiation

A

release of mature spermatozoa from sertoli cells

42
Q

what is capacitation

A

final maturation of sperm in the uterine tract

43
Q

What does LH do in males

A

stimulates test prod by leydig cells

44
Q

what does FSH do in males

A

acts on sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis

45
Q

what hormone does a follicle release

A

estradiol

46
Q

what is the stratum functionalis

A

shed during menstration

47
Q

what is the stratum basalis

A

replaces stratum functionalis each uterine cycle

48
Q

what is the secretory phase of the uterine cycle

A

endometrial glands secrete special mucus in repsonse to progesterone and estrogen to prepare for pregnancy

49
Q

what happens in the uterus during menstrural phase

A

declining levels of progesterone cause an end to menstration, stratum functionalis layer sloughed off

50
Q

what happens in the ovary during the menstrual phase

A

the follicles begin secreting estrogen, fluid is fillin antrum

51
Q

what happens in ovary during preovulatory phase

A

follicular secretion of estrogen and inhibin slowed down secretion of FSH, increasing levels of estrogen trigger LH

52
Q

what happens in the uterus during the preovulatory phase

A

increasing estrogen levels have repaired the stratum functionalis

53
Q

what hormonal changes happen during ovulation

A

high levels of estrogen from mature follicles stimulate release of LH and gnrh, LH surge brings ovulation

54
Q

what happens in the ovary during the postovulatory stage

A

if fertilazation doesnt occur, corpus albicans is formed, if it does, embryo secretes hCG

55
Q

happens in the uterus during the postovulatory

A

hormones from courpus luteum promote thickening of endometrium

56
Q

what does fsh do in females

A

growth of follicles that secrete estrogen

57
Q

what does LH do in females

A

stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum

58
Q

what does progesterone do

A

prepares uterus for implantation and mammary gland for milk secretion

59
Q

what does relaxin do

A

facilitates implantation in the relaxed uterus

60
Q

what does inhibin do

A

inhibits secretion of FSH

61
Q

how long is the germinal stage

A

first two weeks after fertilization

62
Q

how long is the embryonic stage

A

weeks 3 thru 8

63
Q

what is the stages of development in the germinal stage

A

zygote, morula, blastocyst

64
Q

what is the blastocyst called after implantation

A

embryo

PSIO 201 (8 decks)

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