renal/reproductive Flashcards
what is type of nephron are the majority
cortical
what type of nephron are the minority
juxtamedullary
function of glomerular capillaries
where filtration of blood occurs
function of peritubular capillaries
carry away substances reabsorbed from filtrate
what is the filtration fraction
20% of plasma
how many liters of filtrate are reabsorbed in a day
180 L/day
what do the fenestrations of the glomerular endothelial cell do
prevents filtration of blood cells
what does the basal lamina of glomerulus do
prevents filtration of larger proteins
what doe slit membrane between pedicels do
prevents filtration of medium sized proteins
what are the 2 mechanisms of autoregulation of the GFR
myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback
what is the myogenic mechanism
when blood pressure stretches’ the afferent arteriole, smooth muscle contractions reduce the diameter
what is the tubuloglomerular feedback
high bp causes Na and Cl not to be reabsorbed, macula densa detects this,, inhbits nitric oxide, afferent arterioles constrict, reduce gfr
with moderate sympathetic stimulation what happens to gfr
decreases slightly
what happens to gfr with extreme sympathetic stimualtion
decreases substantially
what are the two hormones that contribute to the regulation of the GFR
ANP and angiotensin II
what does anp do
increases gfr
what does angiotensin ii do
reduces gfr by vasoconstriction
what is the concentration of fluid in the renal corpuscle
300 mOsm/liter, isotonic to blood
what part of the renal tubule does the most reabsorption
the proximal convoluted tubule
what is secreted during tubular secretion
H+ and NH4+, creatine, K+
what is paracellular reabsorption
when solutes move between cells
what is transcellular reabsorption
when solutes move through the apical and basal membranes
what is obligatory water reabsorption
when water is following solutes through diffusion
what is facultative water reabsorption
water moves in collecting duct due to ADH
what do Na+ symporters help reabsorb in the PCT
glucose, amino acids, lactic acids, water soluable vitamins
what is the renal threshold of glucose
200 mg/dL
what is the concentration of blood at the end of the PCT
300 mOsm/L
what is the concentration of blood at the end of the loop of henle
100-150 mOsm/L
what are the two types of cells in the DCT and collecting duct
principal and intercalated cells
what do principal cells do
reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium
what do intercalated cells
reabsorb potassium and bicarb and screte h+
what does ADH do to make concentrated urine
stimulates symporters in thick limb of ascending loop of henle, facultative water reabsorption, urea cycling
what is countercurrent multiplication
a process that increases the osmotic gradient in the if of the renal medulla
what is countercurrent exchange
process that allows solvents to be reabsorbed into blood and O2 delivery to cells
what is the descending loop of henle permeable to
permeable to water but impermeable to solutes
what is the ascending limb of loop of henle permeable to
impermeable to water but permeable to solutes
late dct and collecting duct what is it permeable to
water only in the presense of ADH
what are the three sex glands in males
seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral gland
what do sertoli cells do
nurse cells, support sperm production,
what do leydig cells do
testosterone producers
what is spermiation
release of mature spermatozoa from sertoli cells
what is capacitation
final maturation of sperm in the uterine tract
What does LH do in males
stimulates test prod by leydig cells
what does FSH do in males
acts on sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis
what hormone does a follicle release
estradiol
what is the stratum functionalis
shed during menstration
what is the stratum basalis
replaces stratum functionalis each uterine cycle
what is the secretory phase of the uterine cycle
endometrial glands secrete special mucus in repsonse to progesterone and estrogen to prepare for pregnancy
what happens in the uterus during menstrural phase
declining levels of progesterone cause an end to menstration, stratum functionalis layer sloughed off
what happens in the ovary during the menstrual phase
the follicles begin secreting estrogen, fluid is fillin antrum
what happens in ovary during preovulatory phase
follicular secretion of estrogen and inhibin slowed down secretion of FSH, increasing levels of estrogen trigger LH
what happens in the uterus during the preovulatory phase
increasing estrogen levels have repaired the stratum functionalis
what hormonal changes happen during ovulation
high levels of estrogen from mature follicles stimulate release of LH and gnrh, LH surge brings ovulation
what happens in the ovary during the postovulatory stage
if fertilazation doesnt occur, corpus albicans is formed, if it does, embryo secretes hCG
happens in the uterus during the postovulatory
hormones from courpus luteum promote thickening of endometrium
what does fsh do in females
growth of follicles that secrete estrogen
what does LH do in females
stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
what does progesterone do
prepares uterus for implantation and mammary gland for milk secretion
what does relaxin do
facilitates implantation in the relaxed uterus
what does inhibin do
inhibits secretion of FSH
how long is the germinal stage
first two weeks after fertilization
how long is the embryonic stage
weeks 3 thru 8
what is the stages of development in the germinal stage
zygote, morula, blastocyst
what is the blastocyst called after implantation
embryo
