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PSIO 201 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the diaphysis

A

long shaft or body of bone

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2
Q

what is the epiphysis

A

proximal and distal ends of a bone

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3
Q

what is the metaphysis

A

region between the diaphysis and epiphysis

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4
Q

where are the epiphysial plates found

A

in the metaphysis

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5
Q

what is the name of the cartilage that covers the epiphysis at joints.

A

articular cartilage

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6
Q

what is the periosteum

A

tough connective tissue sheath that surrounds the bones.

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7
Q

What are the two layers of the periosteum

A
  1. outer fibrous layer

2. inner osteogenic layers

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8
Q

what is the medullary cavity

A

hollow, cylindrical space in the bone that hold yellow marrow

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9
Q

what is the endosteum

A

thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

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10
Q

what two chemicals make up hydroxyapatite

A

calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide

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11
Q

how do bones calcify

A

minerals calcify around collagen fibers

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12
Q

what type of strength does collagen fibers provide

A

tensile strength

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13
Q

what are osteogenic cells

A

unspecialized bone cells derived from mesenchyme.

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14
Q

What type of cells to osteogenic cells specialize intio

A

osteoblasts

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15
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

bone building cells, synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and minerals to build ECM.

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16
Q

what type of cells to do osteoblasts become

A

osteocytes

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17
Q

what are osteocytes

A

mature bone cells, main cells in bone tissue and help maintain tis normal metabolism.

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18
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

break done bone cells, found in endosteum

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19
Q

what is is stronger spongy bone or compact bone

A

compact bone

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20
Q

what is the structural unit of compact bone

A

osteon

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21
Q

what are concentric lamellae

A

circular plates of ECM, run parallel to the bone

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22
Q

what are lacunae

A

small spaces between the concentric lamellae

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23
Q

what are canaliculi

A

fingerlike projections of osteocytes

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24
Q

does spongy bone contain osteons

A

no

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25
Q

what are the web like projections found in spongy bone

A

trabeculae

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26
Q

what bones are mostly made up of spongy bone tissue

A

short, flat, sesamoid, and irregular bones

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27
Q

in what type of bone formation does the bone form directly from the mesenchyme

A

intramembranous ossification

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28
Q

what part of the body is mostly made through intra ossification

A

the skull

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29
Q

what happens during “the development of ossification center” (IM)

A

at site where bones develop, mesenchyme cells cluster and differentiate first into osteoprogenitor cells and then into osteoblasts.

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30
Q

what happens in calcification (IM)

A

secretion of ECM stops. Osteocytes lie in lacunae that spread into cuniculi. Ca and other minerals are deposited calcifying the ECM.

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31
Q

what happens in formation of trabeculae (IM)

A

form trabeculae and red bone marrow

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32
Q

what happens in development of periosteum (IM)

A

mesenchyme condenses at periphery of bone and forms periosteum

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33
Q

what is endochondral ossification

A

replacement of cartilage by bone

34
Q

what types of bones are formed by ECO

A

most of the bones in the body

35
Q

What happens in development of cartilage model

A

mesenchyme crowds together to form shape of future bone and develop into chondroblasts. Chondroblasts secret cartilage ECM and make cartilage model made of hyaline cartilage.

36
Q

interstitial growth grows in which direction

A

lengthwise

37
Q

appositional growth grows in which direction

A

widthwise

38
Q

what happens in development of primary ossification center

A

proceeds inward from external surface of bone, nutrient artery penetrates the perichondrium thru a nutrient foramen, stimulating osteoprogenitor cells in the perichondrium to differentiate into osteoblasts. primary ossification center forms and spreads towards the ends of the bones.

39
Q

Development of medullary cavity

A

osteoclasts break down spongy bone in center and forms medullary cavity.

40
Q

development of secondary ossification center

A

occurs in the epiphyses of bones. Proceeds outward rather than inwards. no medullary cavity.

41
Q

formation of articular cartilage and growth plate

A

hyaline cartilage that surrounds outside of epiphysis turns into articular cartilage

42
Q

growth in length of a bone

A

growth of cartilage on epiphysial side of epiphysis, replacement of cartilage by bone of diaphyseal side of cartilage by endochondral ossification.

43
Q

what is the order of cartilage in epiphyseal plate

A
  1. zone of resting cartilage
  2. zone of proliferating cartilage
  3. zone of hypertrophic cartilage
  4. zone of calcified cartilage
44
Q

zone of resting cartilage

A

most upper level, small scattered chondrocytes

45
Q

zone of proliferating cartilage

A

larger chondrocytes stacked like coins, divide to replace dead chondrocytes below.

46
Q

zone of hypertrophic cartilage

A

large chondrocytes arranged in columns

47
Q

zone of calcified cartilage

A

few cells thick, dead chondrocytes, osteocytes dissolve calcified cartilage and osteoblasts go in and create bone.

48
Q

when finished growing what does the epiphyseal plate become

A

epiphyseal line

49
Q

what are the three types of joints that are classified by structure

A
  1. fibrous
  2. cartilaginous
  3. synovial
50
Q

what are the three joints classified by mobility

A
  1. synarthrosis
  2. amphiarthrosis
  3. diarthrosis
51
Q

which joint is immovable

A

synarthrosis

52
Q

what type of joint is slightly moveable

A

amphiarthrosis

53
Q

what type of joint is freely moveable

A

diarthrosis

54
Q

three types of synarthrosis

A
  1. suture
  2. gomphosis
  3. synchondrosis
55
Q

three types of amphiarthroses

A
  1. syndemosis
  2. interosseous membrane
  3. symphosis
56
Q

all diarthrosis are what type of joint

A

synovial

57
Q

types of diarthrosis

A
  1. gliding joint
  2. hinge joint
  3. pivot joint
  4. condyloid joint
  5. saddle joint
  6. ball and socket joint
58
Q

reactive phase of fractures

A

fracture hematoma forms, osteoclasts dissolve dead bone tissue

59
Q

reparative phase pt 1 of fractures

A

fibrocartilaginous callus forms it is made up of collagen fibers that bridge broken pieces.

60
Q

reparative phase pt 2 of fractures

A

fibrocartilaginous callus turns into spongy bone by osteoblasts. Now it is called the bony callus.

61
Q

Bone remodeling phase of fractures

A

bony callus turns into real bone, and compact bone forms periphery.

62
Q

Which hormone increases blood Ca levels

A

parathyroid hormone

63
Q

which hormone decreases blood Ca levels

A

calcitonin

64
Q

what is rickets

A

child disease that results in soft and rubbery bones

65
Q

what is osteomalacia

A

adult counterpart of rickets results from inadequate calcification of extracellular bone matrix.

66
Q

two types of arthritis

A

osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

67
Q

what is bone modeling

A

construction, bone formed by osteoblasts without prior resorption

68
Q

bone remodeling

A

occurs when bone is resorped by osteoclasts and rebuilt by osteoblasts

69
Q

what are the organic compounds of bone ecm

A

ground substance and collagen fibers type 1

70
Q

what are the inorganic components of bone ecm

A

water and hydroxy apatite

71
Q

outer layer of periosteum has what

A

dense irregular tissue

72
Q

inner layer of periosteum contains

A

inner osteogenic layer

73
Q

what is the top bone of sternum called

A

manubrium

74
Q

middle part of the sternum is called what

A

the body

75
Q

the lower bone of the sternum is called what

A

xyphoid process

76
Q

how many pairs of true ribs are there

A

7

77
Q

which ribs are false ribs

A

8-12

78
Q

which ribs are floating ribs

A

11 and 12

79
Q

what is the active form of vitamin d

A

calcitriol

80
Q

where is calcitrol made

A

the kidneys

81
Q

what does calcitriol do

A

increases blood Ca levels

PSIO 201 (8 decks)

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