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PSIO 201 > EXAM 3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is reverse muscle action

A

when origin moves towards insertion

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2
Q

describe a first class lever

A

Effort –> Fulcrum –> Load like a teeter totter

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3
Q

example of a first class lever

A

Neck muscle –> atlas –> skull

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4
Q

describe a second class lever

A

Fulcrum –> Load –> Effort wheelbarrow

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5
Q

example of a second class lever

A

metatarsals, body weight, calf muscles

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6
Q

describe a third class lever

A

Force –> Effort –> Load

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7
Q

example of third class lever

A

elbow joint –> biceps muscle –> weight in hand

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8
Q

what is the name of the outer covering of the muscle

A

epimysium

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9
Q

what covers the fascicles of the muscle

A

perimysium

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10
Q

what covers muscle fibers

A

endomysium

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11
Q

are skeletal muscles mono or multi nucleate

A

multinucleate

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12
Q

how do muscles fibers grow by hypertrophy or hyperplasia

A

hypertrophy

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13
Q

what is the sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cell

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14
Q

what is the sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of muscle cell

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15
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

equivalent of smooth er in muscle cell

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16
Q

what is the myofibril

A

fiber that contains sarcomere

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17
Q

what is the functional unit of a muscle cell

A

sarcomere

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18
Q

what are t tubules

A

high ways where the action potential travels through

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19
Q

One sarcomere goes from ___ to ___

A

z-disk to z-disk

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20
Q

what does the A band comprise of

A

actin + myosin

21
Q

what does the I band consist of

A

z disc to mysosin, only actin

22
Q

what does the H zone comprise of

A

only myosin

23
Q

what is the M line

A

middle line

24
Q

what are the two regulatory proteins

A

tropomyosin and troponin

25
Q

which regulatory protein binds with calcium

A

troponin

26
Q

which regulatory protein moves out of the way to expose the myosin binding site

A

tropomyosin

27
Q

what are the five structural proteins in the sarcomere

A

titin, dystrophin, nebulin, myomesin, alpha actin

28
Q

describe titin

A

spans from z disc to m line and stabilizes myosin, gives elasticity

29
Q

describe dystrophin

A

links actin to the sarcolemma helps transmit tension to tendons

30
Q

describe nebulin

A

spans length of actin, anchors actin to z disc

31
Q

describe myomesin

A

found in M- line, hold titin and myosin in position

32
Q

how does the sarcomere change length during contraction

A

it shortens

33
Q

is the I band reduced, lengthened, or stays the same during contraction

A

shortened

34
Q

How does the A band change length during contraction

A

stays the same

35
Q

define excitation

A

the events that transmit an electrical signal from a motor neuron to a muscle fiber

36
Q

when ATP binds to the myosin heads does this make them detatch or attach

A

detatch

37
Q

describe relation of a muscle

A

active Ca transporters remove Ca from sarcoplasm, Ca levels drop and titin brings sarcomere to resting position

38
Q

what are the 3 sources of energy from muscles

A

creatine phosphate, anaerobic, aerobic respiration

39
Q

how long does the body use creatine phosphate for

A

10-15 seconds

40
Q

how long does the body use anaerobic respiration

A

up to 2-3 minutes

41
Q

how long does the body use aerobic respiration

A

long long time

42
Q

describe SO fibers Type I

A

called slow because contraction cycle is slower, many mitochondria, produce energy by anaerobic respiration, dont fatigue easy, red in color

43
Q

describe FOG fibers Type IIA

A

called fast bc contraction cycle is faster, many mitochondria, produce energy by both anaerobic and aerobic respiration,

44
Q

describe FG Type IIX

A

called fast bc contraction cycle is faster, little mitochondria, energy only from anaerobic respiration

45
Q

what is spatial summation

A

increasing motor unit recruitment

46
Q

what is temporal summation

A

increasing the frequency of stimulation

47
Q

define isometric contraction

A

generates tension but does not shorten

48
Q

define concentric contraction

A

when the tension generated is sufficient enough to move the load, the muscle shorten

49
Q

define eccentric contraction

A

as tension decreases, the load exceeds the tension, the muscle lengthens

PSIO 201 (8 decks)

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