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CPR > Respiratory Histology > Flashcards

Respiratory Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are brush cells?

A
  • Cells in the respiratory epithelium with short blunt microvili
  • Chemosoensory cells that are connected to sensory nerve fibers
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2
Q

What are small granule cells?

A
  • Resemble basal cells but have secretory granules
  • Belong to DNES
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3
Q

What are basal cells of the respiratory epithelium?

A
  • Non ciliated stem cells on t he basement membrane
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4
Q

what are the three regions of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Nasal vestibule: inside nostrils lined by skin
  • Respiratory region: inferior 2/3 of nasal cavity lined with respiratory mucosa
  • Olfactory region: apex (upper 1/3) lined by specialized olfactory mucosa
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5
Q

what is the function of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Adjust temp and humidity of inspired air
  • Enhanced by large surface area provided by turbinate bones
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6
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Air filled spaces in the walls of hte nasal cavity
  • Extensions of respiratory region of nasal cavity lined by repiratory epithelium
  • Sinuses communicate with nasal cavities through narrow openings onto respiratory mucosa
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7
Q

Top and bottom?

A
  • Top is the nasal vestibule made of keratiniezed strat squam
  • Respirtory region on bottom with psuedostratified columnar ciliated epi
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8
Q

Describe the olfactory mucosa?

A
  • Dramatically thicker than nasal epithelium and lacks goblet cells, also has non motile cilia
  • PSCE
  • covers superior conchae bilaterally and contains receptors for sense of smell
  • Contains Olfactory (Bowmans) glands serous secretions that dissolve odorant molecules
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9
Q

What are ORN’s?

A
  • Neurons with single dendritic process
  • Specialized non motile cilia with odorant receptors
  • Ligand binding causes the AP
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10
Q

What ccells are in contact with trigeminal nerve?

A

Brush cells, allows pain sensation of olfactory mucosa

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11
Q

What do sustentacular cells provide to the ORN’s?

A

Mechanical and metabolic support

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12
Q

What cartilage makes up the larynx?

A
  • Hyaline including thyroid, cricoid, inferior arytenoid cartilages
  • Elaseic including epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, superior arytenoid cartilages
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13
Q

Describe the epiglottis

A
  • Core of elastic cartilage
  • Lingual surface is Strat squam
  • Laryngeal surface transitions to PSCE
  • Mixed mucous and serous glands in lamina propria
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14
Q

What are vestibular folds?

A
  • Respiratory epithelium with seromucous glands and lymphoid nodules
    • they are suprior and immovable
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15
Q

What are vocal folds?

A
  • Nonkeratinized strat squam epi that protects from abrasion and desiccation
  • Used for phonation
  • dense regular bundle of elastic CT makess up the vocal ligament which supports the free edges of each fold
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16
Q

What is laryngitis?

A
  • Inflammation of larynx due to allergies or viral infection
  • Edema of LP changes shape of vocal folds causing loss of voie or hoarseness
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17
Q

What is croup?

A
  • Similar to laryngitis found in young children
  • Edema of laryngeal mucosa causes hoarsness and loud harsh coughs
18
Q

What keeps the trachea lumen open?

A
  • Stacked cartilaginous C shaped rings that are open on the posterior side
  • The trachealis musclce spans the posterior side
19
Q

What is this

A
20
Q

Bronhi mucosa, submucosa and adventitia?

A

Mucosa:

  • PSCE with cells shorter in height and fewer goblet ccells
  • Primary bronchi have ompelete cartilage rings gradually repalced with hyaline cartilage as lumen decreases
  • Abundant mucous and serous glands
  • LP has spiral bundles of SM mm and increasing elastic fibers

Submucosa:

  • loose CT with glands

Adventitia:

  • moderatly dense CT continuous with surrounding structures
21
Q
A

Bronchi

22
Q
A
23
Q

Trachea mucosa submucosa and adventitia?

A

Mucosa:

  • ciliated PSCE
  • LP has elastic fibers, goblet cells and BALT

Submucosa:

  • slightly denser CT than Lp has incomplete C shaped hyaline rings
  • rich in submucosal glands

Adventita:

  • composed of CT and binds trachea to adjacent structures
24
Q

What are bronchioles?

A
  • Arise from terminal branches of the tertiary bronchi, it will form five to seven terminal bronchioles
25
Q

Describe bronchioles epithelium

A
  • PSCE found in larger bronchioles and transitions to ciliated simple columnar to simple cuboidal epithelium (terminal bronchioles)
  • NO cartilage or mucosal glands
  • NO submucosa
  • Muscularis prominent sm mm with dense CT
26
Q

What is asthma?

A
  • Recurrent obstruction of airflow due to bronchiole inflammation and sm mm constriction called bronchospasm
  • Invasion of WBC’s into bronchiolar wall by eosinophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells
  • This thickens the epithelium and increases goblet cells, the sm mm can become hyperplastic
27
Q

What is the terminal bronchioles epithelium?

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium consisting o club cells with non ciliated dome shaped apical ends with secretory granules
28
Q

What are the exocrine functions of club cells?

A
  • Secretion of surfactant lipoproteins and mucins on epithelial surfacec
  • Detoxification of inhaled xenobiotic conpounds by enzymes of SER
  • Secretion of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines for local immune defense
29
Q

What other cells are present in the terminal bronchioles besides club cells?

A
  • Brush cells
  • DNES small granule cells
  • Stem cells
30
Q

what are respiratory bronchioles?

A
  • Terminal bronchioles subdivides into respiratory bronchioles which have a alveoli
  • First part of respiratory region
  • Simple cuboidal epi with elastic fibers and sm mm
31
Q

What are the components of the respiratory bronchioles?

A
  • Respiratory bronchiole
  • Alveolar ducts:
    • lined by the opening of alveoli lined with attenuated squamous cells ending in alveolar sacs
  • Alveolar sac:
    • large clusters of 2+ alveoli form the ends of the alveolar ducts distally and occur occasionally along their length
  • Alveoli:
    • saclike evaginations from respirartory
32
Q

What are alveolar rings?

A
  • Aggregates of sm mm, collagen, and elastic fibers, that form rings around the alveolar ducts
  • Help to hold alveoli open but not directly involved with gas exchange
33
Q

What are alveoli and the components?

A
  • Blind ended sacs lined with simple squamous epi supporting tissue and blood vessels
  • Contains alveolar pores which are small openings that permit movement of air btw alveoli
  • Interalveolar septum found btw alveoli
34
Q

What is found in the interalveolar septum?

A
  • Scattered fibroblasts and sparse ECM
  • vascularized with the richest capillary networks in the body
  • Elastic fibers permit expansion with inspiration and passive contraction with expiration
  • Reticular fibers prevent collapse and excessive distension
35
Q

What are the cells found within the alveolar walls and their function?

A
  • Type one pneumocytes:
    • squamous cells line the entire alveolus surface and participate in gas exchange
  • Type two pneumocytes:
    • lines portions of each alveolus, rounded large cells that bulge into alveolus, similar to club cells, and produces surfactant
  • Alveolar macrophages (dust cells):
    • may be ofund in alveoli or interalveolar septa
36
Q

What makes up the respiratory membrane’s Blood air barrier?

A
  • 2-3 highly attenuated thin cells lining the alveolus (usually a type one cell)
  • Fused basal laminae of these cells and capillary endothelium
  • Thin endothelial capillary cells
37
Q

What is emphysema?

A
  • Permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchiole
    • Chronic obstruction of airflow due to narrowing of bronchioles accompanied by destruction of alveolar wall
  • Results in significant area for gas exchange being lost
  • Smoking & chronic inhalation of particulates can lead to this
38
Q

What is pneumonia?

A
  • Inflammation of lung tissue, filling airspaces with exudate containing WBC, RBC, and fibrin
  • Enlarged capillaries are congested with RBCs
  • Red hepatization stage
  • Lung appears red, and firm due to lack of air spaces and heavy due to the exudate
39
Q

What parts of the respiratory tract contain Respiratory and Stratified Squamous epitheium?

A
  • Larynx
  • Nasopharynx and posterior oropharynx
40
Q

What parts of respiratory tract contain only respiratory epithelium?

A
  • Most areas of nasal cavity
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi

CPR (18 decks)

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