Cardiology Anatomy Flashcards
What separates the superior and inferior mediastinum?
Sternal angle
What is systemic circulation?
- From left atrium through bicuspid valve
- Into left ventricle out of heart via aortic valve
- through systemic arteries and capillaries into venous system
- In IVC and SCV into right atrium
What is pulmonary circulation?
- From SVC and IVC into right atrium through tricuspid valve
- Into right ventricle through pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary trunk
- Pulmonary trunk through right and left pulmonary arteries to lungs
- From lungs to pulmonary veins back to left atrium
What is the outermost layer of the heart made of?
- Epicardium made up of viseral serous pericardium
What is the myocardium made of?
- Thick muscular layer made of spiraling overlapping layers of cardiac muscle
What is a MI?
- Lack of blood flow to area of myocardium usually from blockage of coronary artery such as atherosclerosis or buildup of lipids on internal walls of coronary
What is angina pectoris?
- Pain originating in the heart that produces a strangling pain in the chest
- Result of narrow or obstructed coronary arteries that produces ischemia of myocardium
What is the inner layer of the heart?
- Endocardium
- Thin internnal endothelial and subendothelial layer lining inside chambers and valves
What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
- Produces attachment points for myocardium
- Produces attachment points for cuspid valves
- Supports and strengthens atrioventircular and semilunar orfices
- Provides electrically insulated barrier btw atria and ventricles
where is the right atrioventricular groove?
Btw right atrium and ventricle transmitting the r. coronary artery
Where is left atrioventricular groove?
- Btw left atrium and left ventricle housing the coronary sinus
Where is the anterior interventricular groove?
- between the right and left ventricles on anterior aspect of heart transmitting the anterior interventricular A and great cardiac vein
Where is posterior interventricular groove?
- Btw right and left ventricles on posterior aspect of heart
- Transmitting posterior interventricular artery and middle cardiac vein
What is ligamentum arteriosum?
- Embryo remnant of ductus arteriosus which was a connection btw pulmonary trunk and arch of aorta
What nerve loops around aortic arch andligamentum arteriosum ascending to the larynx?
- Left recurrent laryngeal nerve of the vagus
What is the Sinus Venarum?
- Posterior part of Right atrium, smooth, thinned walled region where venae cavae and coronary sinus empty
What separates the rough pectinate muscle from the smooth sinus venarum of the right atrium?
Crista terminalis
What valve separates right atrium and right ventricle?
Triscspid valve
What is trabeculae carnae?
- rough muscular region of the ventricle
What do the chordae tendineae do?
- attach free edges of the cusps of tricuspid and bicuspid valve to the corresponding papillary muscles
- anterior cusp to anaterior papillary
- Posterior cusp to post. papillary
- Septal cusps to septal papillary
Where is the Septomarginal trabeculum (moderator band) found?
- Right ventricles from interventriucular septum to base of the anterior papillary muscle transmitting right bundle branch of AV bundle to ant. pap mm
what is cardiac catherization?
- insertion of catheter into femoral vein that gets passed up to the inferior vena cava allowing radiographic visualization of right atrium right ventricle puolmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
What valve separates the left atrium from left ventricle?
- Bicuspid/Mitral valve
- anterior and posterior cusps and papillary muscles
What is the aortic vestibule?
- smooth walled area leading into ascending aorta
Where are the pulmonary and aortic sinuses found?
Behind the cusps of the valves
What happens during the beginning of diastole?
- Aortic and pulmonary valves close due to the drop in pressure inside the ventricles
Early diastole?
- As ventricles relax the heart lenghtens and the AV valves open flooding the ventricles with blood
(Late) Diastole?
- Atrial contraction occurs in late moments of diastole to expel blood into ventricles
Beginning of systole?
- AV valves close due to the pressure being higher in the ventricle than the atrium
Early systole?
- Ventricles contract building pressure opening the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves
(late) systole?
- Full ventricular contraction occurs expelling the blood into ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
Where is SA node located?
- myocardium where the SVC meets RA
What are subendocardial branches?
AKA Purkinjie fibers which sends branches to the ventricle walls
Artificial pacemaker?
- Feed wire straight into ventricle endocardium of trabeculae carnae to give regular electrical impulses
Afib?
- Irregular twithing of the atrial cardiac mm fibers to which the ventricles respond at irregular intervals.
- Circulation usually remains satisfactory
Vfib?
- Rapid irregular twitching of the venticles rendering the heart unable to pump bloood
- Electric shock can be administered to stop all cardiac movements hoping heart will “restart” beating normally
List pericardium’s from outermost to innermost
- Fibrous pericardium
- Parietal serous pericardium
- Visceral serous pericardium (Epicardium)
What is the surgical significance of the transverse pericardial sinus?
- Space allows surgeons to access the area posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunk to clamp or insert tubes of bypass machine into the vessels
- Transverses the origins of great vessels
What is the oblique pericardial sinus?
- wide recess posterior to base of heart
What is pericarditis?
- Inflammation of pericardium which makes pericardium rough and produces friction
- Pericardial friction rub can be heard
- Pericardium can calcify if left un treated
Pericardial effusion?
- Inflammation of pericardium resulting in accumulation of fluid or pus in the sac which compresses the heart resulting in cardiac tamponade
Pericardiocentesis?
draining blood fluid or pus from the pericardial sac to relieve cardiac tamponade
