Respiratory, GI, Endocrine and bone mineral density

Question 1

Which drugs decrease the viscosity of secretions and help prevent thick mucus from blocking respiratory pathways?

Answer 1

mucolytics

Question 2

Which drugs help facilitate the production and ejection of mucus and helps prevent thick mucus from blocking respiratory pathways?

Answer 2

expectorants

Question 3

Beta-adrenergic agonists, xanthine derivatives, and anticholinergics are all what category of drugs?

Answer 3

bronchodilators

Question 4

Which bronchodilator stimulates beta-2 adrenergic receptors and help produce bronchodilation in bronchospastic diseases?

Answer 4

beta-adrenergic agents (Albuterol, levalbuterol, salmeterol)

Question 5

t/f, inhalation is the preferred method of administration of beta-adrenergic agents

Answer 5

true, it is the preferred method as it causes less side effects due to the drug not getting into the systemic circulation

Question 6

t/f, you cannot use a nebulizer to administer a beta-adrenergic agent

Answer 6

false, you can use a nebulizer but be aware that prolonged use can cause tolerance

Question 7

Which bronchodilator drug is chemically similar to caffeine and tends to be very toxic as the toxic level and therapeutic levels tend to overlap?

Answer 7

xanthine derivatives

Question 8

Which bronchodilator drug block muscarinic cholinergic receptors and prevent ACh induced bronchoconstriction?

Answer 8

anticholinergic drugs

Question 9

What are the most common side effects of anticholinergic drugs?

Answer 9

“can’t see, pee, or poop” -> dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, blurry vision, tachycardia, confusion

Question 10

What drugs are the most effective at controlling asthma and the first line of defense for long term management?

Answer 10

glucocorticoids

Question 11

What is something pts must make sure to do if they are taking glucocorticoids (after they inhale the medication)?

Answer 11

have to make sure they are rinsing their mouths as the medication can cause oral irritation and lead to sores

Question 12

Which drugs are inflammatory compounds used to control airway inflammation with bronchoconstrictive disease and can be combined with glucocorticoids and beta agonists to provide better management of COPD and asthma?

Answer 12

leukotriene inhibitors

Question 13

What are some adverse effects to be aware of in leukotriene inhibitors?

Answer 13

rare causes of liver toxicity

Question 14

What drugs are the first drugs used to treat COPD?

Answer 14

anticholinergics

Question 15

Timing chest physical therapy and airway clearance techniques ____ mins after mucolytic and expectorants are given will be most effective

Answer 15

30-60 mins

Question 16

t/f, pts taking glucocorticoids may be prone to skin breakdown

Answer 16

true

Question 17

Which drugs are used to control or limit gastric acid in the stomach (3)?

Answer 17

antacids, H2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors

Question 18

Antacids should not be taken within ___ hours of other orally administered drugs- especially antibiotics, digoxin, warfarin and iron supplements

Answer 18

2 hours

Question 19

t/f, antacids never have electrolyte imbalances that occur

Answer 19

false, they can have imbalances when used at very high doses

Question 20

Which drug is used in the acute AND long term management of GERD and peptic ulcers and work by binding to receptors that release histamine and prevent them from doing so and releasing gastric acid?

Answer 20

H2 receptor blockers

Question 21

t/f, tolerance never occurs with H2 receptor blockers

Answer 21

false, do occur and is why it is recommended to be used every other day

Question 22

Which drug is the drug of choice for long term management of those with gastric and duodenal ulcers and GERD and inhibits the enzyme that is responsible for secreting acid from gastric parietal cells into the stomach?

Answer 22

proton pump inhibitors (nexium, prevacid, prilosec)

Question 23

What is an adverse effect to be aware of in those who use proton pump inhibitors?

Answer 23

gastric acid rebound, long term use can have gastric polyps that leads to GI tumors, decreased bone mineralization and risk of fractures.

Question 24

Which drug that is usually used for pain management able to be used to control diarrhea as well?

Answer 24

opiods

Question 25

What two drugs are produced by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 25

glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids

Question 26

Which adrenocorticosteroid is involved in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balances in the body?

Answer 26

mineralcorticoids

Question 27

Which adrenocorticoidsteroid is primarily involved in the control of glucose metabolism and the body’s ability to deal with stress; decrease inflammation and suppress the immune system?

Answer 27

glucocorticoids

Question 28

What endocrine disorders can glucocorticoids be used for?

Answer 28

used to treat adrenal cortical hypofunction (Addison disease), RA

Question 29

What syndrome can be caused by the use of glucocorticoids?

Answer 29

drug induced Cushing syndrome

Question 30

T/F, side effects of glucocorticoids include slow growth in children and development of glaucoma and cataract

Answer 30

true

Question 31

The main mineralcorticoids is:

Answer 31

aldosterone

Question 32

what does increased production of aldosterone cause?

Answer 32

promote renal sodium and water retention (this leads to HTN and heart failure)

Question 33

Angiotensin II maintains BP by ____ the peripheral blood vessels

Answer 33

vasoconstricting

Question 34

What are the adverse effects of mineralcorticoids?

Answer 34

HTN, edema, weight gain and hypokalemia

Question 35

t/f, both glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids can cause HTN as they have sodium and water retaining properties

Answer 35

true, both can cause HTN and should have BP monitored regularly

Question 36

Maximum tolerated level of calcium is _____mg/day

Answer 36

2500

Question 37

supplements above ___ mg/day do not provide the patient with any additional benefits and can increase the risk of _____ calcification and cardiovascular disease

Answer 37

1000, arterial

Question 38

t/f, you can take however much vitamin D you want with no issues

Answer 38

false, too much can cause toxicity- sx include metallic taste in mouth, HA, thirst, decreased appetite, elevated BP, mood changes, cardiac arrhythmias

Question 39

Which drug is the primary treatment for OP and helps inhibit osteoclast activity which limits bone resorption?

Answer 39

bisphonates, end result is that they help promote bone mineralization

Question 40

What are some side effects to be aware of in bisphonates?

Answer 40

osteonecrosis (jaw bone death), atypical subtrochanteric hip fractures, pt must remain upright after taking drugs to limit GI reflux and irritation

Question 41

Which drug is not as effective as bisphonates but helps prevent bone loss and decrease risk of fractures of the vertebrae of those with OP?

Answer 41

calcitonin

Question 42

t/f, estrogen therapy is still the main treatment method of postmenopausal women

Answer 42

false, no longer the main treatment

Question 43

Which new drug has been developed to stabilize bone turnover and helps form new bone and is used in those with high risk of vertebral fractures?

Answer 43

Teriparatide