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Pharm > Lecture 1- Principles of Pharmacology > Flashcards

Lecture 1- Principles of Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

pharmacotherapeutics

A

drugs used to prevent, treat, or diagnose a disease
2 components: pharmacodynamics and pharmokinetics

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2
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

study of how a drug is absorbed, distributed or eliminated from the body

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3
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

analysis of what the drug does to the body at the systemic and cellular level

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4
Q

Why are generic drugs often substituted for a brand name drug?

A

they are cheaper and are tested to ensure that they are equal in all aspects to the brand name drug

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5
Q

What is the potential negative consequence of a generic drug?

A

some patients tend to have more side effects or different reactions to generic drugs

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6
Q

Which organization monitors and approves new drugs in the US?

A

Food and drug administration (FDA)

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7
Q

Describe the testing order for a new drug to be approved

A

preclinical testing on animals
clinical testing on humans
-phase I
-phase II
-phase III
Phase IV-no set duration

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8
Q

Which phase of testing is tested on 10-100 healthy subjects to help determine pharmokinetic parameters?

A

phase I

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9
Q

Which phase of clinical testing is tested on 50-500 subjects with a specific disease and clinical benefits of the drug and a broader range of toxicities can be determined in this phase?

A

phase II

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10
Q

Which phase of clinical testing is tested on several hundred to thousand subjects to establish safety and efficacy under the conditions of proposed use?

A

phase III

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11
Q

Describe off-label prescribing

A

Observation during clinical testing reveals a drug can effectively treat a different condition which allows for physicians to prescribe drugs for reasons other than what was originally intended

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12
Q

Which law was developed in 1970 to place drugs in categories based on likelihood of addiction or abuse and what are the categories?

A

controlled substances act, 5 categories (schedule I-V)

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13
Q

t/f, drugs have to have a high enough dosage so that they can reach a target tissue

A

true, needs to have high enough to have an effect, but not too high so that it becomes toxic

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14
Q

This term is the minimum dose to cause cellular changes (aka minimum effective dose)

A

threshold dose

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15
Q

This term describes doses above this level will not result in further change

A

ceiling effect or maximum dose

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16
Q

this term describes the amount of drug needed to produce a given effect or dose that produces a given response in a specific amplitude

A

potency

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17
Q

If you have two drugs, A and B, and drug A produces an effect at a much lower dose than drug B, which is more potent?

A

Drug A

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18
Q

This term is the concentration of the drug at which 50% of the population respond to it in an expected manner. Example: the dose of a pain killer where 50% of the population report an absence of pain

A

median effective dose (ED50)

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19
Q

This term is as a dose is continuously increased more and more people will have an adverse effect, the dose at which 50% of the population exhibit the specific adverse effect

A

median toxic dose (TD50)

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20
Q

This term is the dose that causes death in 50% of the animals it was tested on

A

median lethal dose (LD50)

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21
Q

How do you determine therapeutic index?

A

TI= TD50/ED50

22
Q

What is the importance of the therapeutic index?

A

It is an indicator of a drug’s safety as it is determined by the median effective dose and the toxic doses (so OTC meds have a higher TI while prescription meds tend to have a lower TI)

23
Q

Which type of administration of drugs involves the GI system (oral, sublingual and buccal, rectal)?

A

enteral administration

24
Q

Which type of drug administration is not associated with the GI system?

A

parenteral administration (inhalation, injection, topical, transdermal)

25
Q

Which is the most common enteral method of drug administration?

A

oral

26
Q

t/f, for an oral drug to be effective, it must be water-soluble so that it can pass through the GI mucosa and into the bloodstream

A

false, needs to be lipid soluble to do that

27
Q

What are the main disadvantages of an oral administration?

A

stomach irritation, acid in stomach may break down the drug and affect the rate at which the drug reaches the site of action

28
Q

Describe the first-pass effect

A

when a significant amount of the drug is metabolized by the liver before it ever reaches its site of action

29
Q

What is the importance of the first-pass effect?

A

the dose of the drug must be great enough to reach the site of action and do what it needs to do, some drugs may not be taken orally if the first-pass effect is too great

30
Q

T/F, enteral administration drugs that are administered sublingually or buccal are not subject to first pass effect of the liver

A

true, they are not subject to the first pass effect

31
Q

When would it be advantageous to use rectal drugs?

A

when the patient is unconscious or cannot swallow

32
Q

What do most rectal drugs tend to treat?

A

most used to treat hemorrhoids

33
Q

Which types of drugs tend to deliver drugs to the action site more directly?

A

parenteral methods

34
Q

What is the disadvantage of inhalation drugs?

A

irritate the alveoli or respiratory tract

35
Q

What is the advantage of intra-arterial injection drugs?

A

allows drug to go directly to the targeted organ with limited exposure to other tissues

36
Q

When would you use a subcutaneous injection?

A

When you want the drugs to be absorbed slowly into the bloodstream

37
Q

What type of parenteral injection would you use when you want to deliver a medication within a sheath like the spinal subarachnoid space or tendon sheath or bursa to treat a local condition?

A

intrathecal injection

38
Q

What type of parenteral drug would you use when you want to apply it to the skin so that it can be absorbed into the subcutaneous tissues or peripheral system (as opposed topical drugs)?

A

transdermal medication

39
Q

What term describes the extent to which the drug reaches the systemic circulation?

A

bioavailability

40
Q

t/f, a drug that is lipid soluble will remain in the compartment or tissue where it is administered

A

false, a nonlipid-soluble druge will remain where it was administered

41
Q

Describe how blood flow affects drug distribution

A

drugs in blood will be found in greater amounts/concentrations in tissues that have more blood flow like the brain, kidneys and skeletal mms

42
Q

true or false, only drugs that are unbound to plasma proteins can reach the target tissue and exert an effect

A

true, if they bind to plasma proteins, they become ineffective

43
Q

Why is binding to subcellular components important?

A

when drugs bind to subcellular components, they are trapped and cannot have an effect elsewhere

44
Q

How do you determine the volume of distribution of a drug?

A

Vd= amount of drug administered/ concentration of the drug in the plasma

45
Q

Why is it important to know about how the body stores certain drugs?

A

because it can tell why some people have prolonged effects from drugs or prolonged side effects and high concentrations can become toxic to a person

46
Q

How are drugs eliminated from the body?

A

biotransformation and excretion

47
Q

What type of biotransformation is most common and which tissue is the drug most likely to be biotransformed?

A

oxidation-oxygen (hydrogen is removed) and most likely to occur in the liver

48
Q

Describe how tolerance works in the body

A

prolonged drug use= enzyme induction (body adjusts and destroys drug more rapidly with enzymes) = decreases drug’s therapeutic effect

49
Q

What areas of the body can a drug be excreted?

A

kidneys (primary site), lungs, GI tract, saliva, sweat, breast milk

50
Q

What clearance term describes the amount of time required for 50% of the drug in the body to be eliminated?

A

half-life

Pharm (17 decks)

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