Diabetes mellitus, antiobiotics and antivirals

Question 1

What is the hormonal antagonist of insulin and increases blood glucose in order to maintain normal blood glucose levels and prevent hypoglycemia?

Answer 1

glucagon

Question 2

What values are normal range of fasting blood glucose?

Answer 2

70-110 mg of glucose

Question 3

Type I diabetes is inability to synthesize insulin due to destruction of ____ ___ cells

Answer 3

pancreatic beta

Question 4

What is the most common symptom for BOTH type I and type II diabetes?

Answer 4

hyperglycemia (lack of mediated glucose uptake by the peripheral tissues)

Question 5

t/f, insulin can be absorbed through the GI wall

Answer 5

false, cannot so it must be given through subcutaneous injection

Question 6

You have a patient who is diabetic and is complaining of a HA and they look flushed and are acting confused, what do you think is going on?

Answer 6

hypoglycemic, blood sugar levels falling dramatically

Question 7

What medication for type II diabetes acts on the liver to inhibit glucose production and helps increase the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin?

Answer 7

metformin (glucophage)

Question 8

What should you monitor for with a patient who is taking metformin (glucophage)?

Answer 8

you should monitor for lactic acidosis: confusion, lethargy, stupor, shallow rapid breathing, tachycardia, especially during exercise!

Question 9

drugs used to treat infectious diseases all have a goal of _____ _____

Answer 9

selective toxicity- must selectively kill the growth of an organism without causing excessive damage to the other cells

Question 10

_____ - drugs that kill or destroy bacteria
_____- drugs that limit bacteria growth

Answer 10

bactericidal
bacteriostatic

Question 11

What are the 3 mechanisms of action of antibacterial drugs?

Answer 11

inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis and function
inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
inhibit bacterial DNA/RNA function

Question 12

What are the main side effects of antibiotics?

Answer 12

hypersensitivity reactions (skin rashes, itching, respiratory difficulty- wheezing)
GI problems

Question 13

Which antiviral drugs are made of a group of proteins made by the immune system in response to viral infection and help healthy cells resist infection?

Answer 13

interferons

Question 14

Which HIV drug inhibits HIV protease enzyme and helps prevent HIV replication and the progression of HIV related disease?

Answer 14

protease inhibitors

Question 15

Which HIV drug does not eliminate the virus but keeps it from spreading by inhibiting a key step in HIV replication?

Answer 15

reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Question 16

What is it called when at least 3 anti-HIV drugs are administered simultaneously to provide optimal inhibition of HIV replication?

Answer 16

HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)

Question 17

t/f, there is good adherence with HIV medications

Answer 17

false, can be very poor due to complicated dosage regimens and the side effects

Question 18

What can occur if HIV is not treated successfully and can be open to infection from other organisms?

Answer 18

opportunistic infections