Respiratory Function Flashcards
1
Q
Primary function of the respiratory system
A
Replenishes the body’s oxygen supply and eliminates waste from the blood as Co2
2
Q
Mouth, nose, and pharynx
A
Upper respiratory tract organs
3
Q
Trachea, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, and the lungs
A
Lower respiratory tract organs
4
Q
Bronchi branch into
A
bronchioles
5
Q
Terminal destination is
A
the alveoli
6
Q
Millions of sacs where gas exchange happens
A
alveoli
7
Q
Transfers oxygen to organs
A
Alveoli
8
Q
Neuromuscular coordinated effort of inspiration and exhalation that changes with age and disease
A
Ventilation
9
Q
Passing of oxygen from the alveoli
A
Gas diffusion
10
Q
Passing of gas from the alveoli into the blood
A
Gas transport
11
Q
Control of ventilation is regulated by
A
CO2
12
Q
This determines depth and frequency of ventilation
A
CO2
13
Q
When CO2 is elevated, breathing rate is
A
higher
14
Q
Most accurate indicator of oxygenation
A
Blood gas
15
Q
Blood gas
A
O2 + CO2
16
Q
This lines he tract
A
Cilia
17
Q
This is protective in nature. Causes sneezing and coughing to protect lower respiratory tract
A
Cilia
18
Q
Major function of the upper respiratory tract
A
Warm and humidify oxygen
19
Q
Major function of lower respiratory tract
A
Further filtration and clean incoming air
The sneeze and the cough reflexes also protect the lungs and airways
20
Q
Normal adult breathing rate
A
12-20 per minute
21
Q
Which part of breathing takes longer, exhalation or inhalation?
A
Exhalation
22
Q
The diaphragm goes in what direction during breathing?
A
Up
23
Q
Normal increased breathing comes with ______ only
A
Exercise
24
Q
Normal breathing should be
A
Nearly Effortless and almost unnoticeable
25
In the older adult, lung changes include
Decrease ciliary activity
Stiffening of chest wall
Cough is less propulsive
26
What happens if mucus pools in the lungs?
Bacteria builds in the sitting mucus
27
What encourages mucus movement in the lungs?
Coughing
28
A sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchioles. It causes difficulty in breathing which ranges from mild to severe. Occurs in asthma, chronic bronchitis and anaphylaxis.
Bronchospasm or a bronchial spasm
29
FiO2
Fraction of inspired oxygen
30
It is a fraction of the amount of oxygen a patient is inhaling produced by an oxygen device such as a nasal cannula or mask.
FiO2
31
Percentage of oxygen in FiO2
21%
32
What can lower respiration rate and raise risk of aspiration?
CNS depressants
33
Compromissed immune systems need
Plasma, protein, and fluids
34
Fluids do what to secretions?
Thins and mobilizes secretions to make it easier to cough
35
Respiratory problems in obese patients
Stomach presses against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult to breathe
36
Restricted lung movement and airway obstruction will cause
O2 Deprivation and exhaustion
37
Lungs that stiffen tend to
Tend to collapse because they cannot expand
38
A complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung.
Atelectasis
39
It occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid. There is no gas exchange
Atelectasis
40
Pulmonary fibrosis causes
Scarring of the lungs
41
RDS
Respiratory distress syndrome
42
Occurs when fluid builds up in the tiny, elastic air sacs (alveoli) in your lungs, Typically occurs in people who are already critically ill or who have significant injuries.
ARDS - Acute respiratory distress syndrome
43
Smoke inhalation causes
Tar in the lungs
44
Fractured ribs can alter breathing because
Pain causes restriction of movement
45
Any process which reduces the diameter of the conducting airways
Airway obstruction
46
A seal like sound that is the sign of an emergency (airway obstruction)
Stridor
47
Treatment for airway obstruction
Suction, meds, cool air, and upright positioning
48
Types of inflammation that can cause airway obstruction
Asthma and Bronchitis
49
Coughing is a ______ response to an irritant
Reflexive
50
Clear, white sputum
allergic
51
Yellow, green sputum
infection
52
Bloody sputum
Hemoptysis
53
Hemoptysis could be a sign of
Cancer
54
Evident by forward leaning position
Accessory muscle use
55
Long term tissue hypoxia evident by bulbous fingertips
Clubbing
56
Muscles pulling against the ribs during altered breathing
retraction
57
Results from excess CO2 production or reduced CO2 exhalation from the lungs. Causes rapid breathing
Hypercapnia
58
Condition where there is too much CO2 and patient cannot exhale fully
COPD
59
A patient with COPD or barrel chest cannot receive
High levels of oxygen
60
Anything below ___ on a pulse oximetry indicates a need for oxygen
94%
61
CO2 monitor can be affected by
nail polish
62
Decreased lung vibrations indicate
fluid
63
Having a patient say "E" or "99" to feel wall vibrations
Tactile fremitus
64
Best views for chest X-ray
Posterior, anterior, and lateral views
65
Test to measure capacity of lungs or how well we take in oxygen
Pulmonary function test
66
Test of a sterile specimen taken from a patient who coughs in a cup. May also be taken by suction
Sputum culture
67
ABG
Arterial Blood Gas
68
Most accurate test of oxygenation
Arterial blood gas monitoring
69
Component of ABG:
PaO2
Partial pressure of oxygen
70
The ability to pass oxygen into the blood from the air sacs of the lungs, and pass carbon dioxide (CO2) back into the lungs from the blood
Diffusion
71
Another name for allergic asthma
Extrinsic asthma
72
Non allergic asthma. Can be triggered by stress or illness
Intrinsic asthma
73
Component of ABG:
PaCO2
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
74
PaO2 level below 80 is considered
Hypoxemia
75
Measures the amount of oxygen that is available to the tissues
PaO2
76
Measures the amount of carbon dioxide excreted from the tissues
PaCO2
77
A bicarbonate that buffers the acid from CO2 and is a good indicator of kidney function
HCO3
78
Blood oxygen saturation
SpO2
79
Measures the percentage of hemoglobin in the arteries that is saturated with oxygen
SpO2
80
End tidal CO2. CO2 measured at the end of exhalation. A good marker for perfusion
EtCO2
81
Scale of acidity
pH
82
Normal pH levels
7.35 -7.45
83
Normal PaCO2 values
35-45 mm Hg
84
Normal PaO2 values
80-100mm Hg
85
Normal HCO3 values
22-26 mEq/L
86
Normal SpO2 values
95% - 100%
87
Normal EtCO2 values
35-45mm Hg
88
A quick but invasive test done under sedation where a tube camera is inserted into lungs
Bronchoscopy
89
in a nursing diagnosis, R/t or related to, is asking
the underlying cause
90
First stage of smoking cessation:
Does not plan on quitting
Precontemplation
91
Second stage of smoking cessation:
Thinking about quitting
Contemplation
92
Third stage of smoking cessation:
Making a plan to quit
Preparation
93
Fourth stage of smoking cessation:
Process
Action
94
Fifth stage of smoking cessation:
Continuing the process
Maintenance
95
How often should a spirometer be used?
10 times per hour
96
Types of coughs:
Several short coughs. Effective for COPD patients, prevents stretching
Stacked coughs
97
Types of coughs:
A deep inhale followed by a few huffed coughs
Low-flow Huff cough
98
Types of coughs:
Assisting patient to cough by pushing against the diaphram. Used with neuromuscular patients
Quad cough
99
Types of coughs:
Encouraged after surgery. Abdominal splinting maybe needed
Deep Cough
100
Clapping and cupping to break up secretions
Chest physiotherapy
101
A simple technique for slowing down a person’s breathing and getting more air into their lungs
Pursed lip breathing
102
Adding moisture to oxygen delivery to help hydrate thick sputum
Aerosol therapy
103
Designed to ensure that the medication is delivered into the lungs completely and effectively during aerosol therapy
Spacer
104
Hand held aerosol therapy that has saline and oxygen
Nebulizer
105
This is used to reverse hypoxemia, decrease work of breathing or work of heart in cardiac patients
Oxygen therapy
106
Oxygen administration:
Set a ____ flow to get desired effect and slowly _____ if needed
Lowest flow and slowly increase
107
O2 administration is prescribed in either _______ or _______
flow or concentration
108
Is expressed in liters per minute
Flow
109
Is expressed as a percentage or as a fraction of inspired O2
Concentration
110
Safety Considerations for O2 Administration
drying effect on respiratory mucosa
oxygen toxicity
destructive change lungs, especially alveoli
111
Physical and psychological components
| Anxiety control, activity modification, & comfort measures
Dyspnea Management
112
PaCo2 below 35
Rapid breathing
113
Uses ventilator to assist in respiration
BiPAP – bilevel positive pressure
114
Uses O2 under continuous positive pressure
| Used with sleep apnea
CPAP
115
Continuous positive airway pressure
CPAP
116
Selection of oxygen systems is done by
doctor
117
Oxygen toxicity can cause
Retinal blindness
118
Assisted ventilation reminds
the patient to breathe
119
Most common oxygen delivery
Nasal cannula
120
Method of oxygen delivery:
mixes with room air and uses 1-6 Liters. Concentration is 22%-44%
Nasal cannula
121
Method of oxygen delivery:
Moderate, restrictive. Uses 6-10 liters 40%-60%
Simple mask
122
Method of oxygen delivery:
Reservoir mask. High flow, 10-15 liters. 90% concentration. Used for critically ill patients
Nonrebreather
123
Method of oxygen delivery:
Can deliver precise amounts of oxygen. 3-8 liters and 24%-50% concentration. Noisy and claustrophobic
Venturi Mask
124
Type of mask that can also be converted to a simple mask by removing the valve
Nonrebreather (Reservoir) Mask
125
Nursing care of oxygen therapy
```
TPR & BP
airway patency
mental status
oxygen gauge/setting
tubing is free-flowing
ABG’s & pulse oximetry
```
126
Surgical procedure used to reinflate lung
Chest tube
127
This is used to collect chest tube contents. Air, blood, effusions
Drainage canister
128
The three parts to drainage canister
Collection
Water seal
Suction control
129
Placement of drainage canister
Below patient chest level
130
Oral or Nasal Pharyngeal Airways are made of
rubber or plastic
131
Patients who cannot cough effectively enough may need
Suctioning
132
Always do pulse ox unless doc orders
Blood gas
133
During suctioning, make sure to ________ and _________ your patient to prevent atelectasis and hypoxemia
Preoxygenate and hyperinflate
