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Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

Surgical body position

A

lithotomy

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2
Q

Surgical body position

A

Reverse Trendelenburg

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3
Q

Surgical body position

A

Orthopneic

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4
Q

Surgical body position

A

Trendelenburg

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5
Q

Surgical body position

A

Sims

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6
Q

Surgical body position

A

Fowler’s

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7
Q

Surgical body position

A

Semi-Fowler’s

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8
Q

Surgical body position

A

Kraske or Jackknife

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9
Q

Urine osmolality

A

50 -1200 osmos per kg (the higher, the more dehydrated)

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10
Q

Urine specific gravity norm

A

1.010 to 1.020

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11
Q

Controls/regulates volume of body fluids

A

Na+ (sodium)

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12
Q

Regulator of enzymes & H2O content

A

K+ (potassium)

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13
Q

Controls nerve impulse, blood clotting, muscle contraction, B12 absorption

A

Ca2+ (calcium ion)

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14
Q

Controls metabolism of carbohydrates & proteins, vital actions involving enzymes

A

Mg2+ (Magnesium ion)

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15
Q

Maintains osmotic pressure in blood, produces hydrochloric acid

A

Cl- (chloride ion)

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16
Q

Body’s primary buffer system

A

HCO3- (bicarbonate ion)

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17
Q

chemical involving cell division, energy metabolism, and hereditary traits

A

Phosphate

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18
Q

Normal sodium level is

A

135 to 145 mEq/L

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19
Q

Na+

A

Sodium

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20
Q

Normal potassium level is

A

3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L

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21
Q

K+

A

Potassium

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22
Q

Normal calcium level is

A

8.9 to 10.1 mEq/L

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23
Q

Ca2+

A

Calcium

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24
Q

Normal magnesium level is

A

1.4 to 1.75 mEq/L

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25
Q

Mg2+

A

Magnesium

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26
Q

Normal Chloride level is

A

96 to 106 mEq/L

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27
Q

Cl-

A

Chloride

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28
Q

Normal Bicarbonate level is

A

22 to 26 mEq/L

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29
Q

HCO3-

A

Bicarbonate

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30
Q

Normal Phosphate level is

A

2.5 to 4.5 mEq/L

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31
Q

Insulin transports

A

potassium

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32
Q

Diabetics may have too much

A

potassium

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33
Q

Fluid movement occurs primarily by

A

Osmosis & Filtration

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34
Q

Osmosis & Filtration goes from

A

lower to higher

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35
Q

Electrolytes move via

A

diffusion, filtration & active transport

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36
Q

diffusion, filtration & active transport goes from

A

higher to lower

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37
Q

Types of passive transport

A

diffusion, filtration, and osmosis

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38
Q

Movement of solvent or solutes (molecule) move from an area of higher concentration to lesser concentration

A

Diffusion

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39
Q

Movement of fluid through a semi permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

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40
Q

A condition in which the blood has a high concentration of salt (sodium), glucose, and other substances.

A

Hyperosmolar

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41
Q

An abnormal decrease in the osmolarity of the body fluids.

A

Hypoosmolar

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42
Q

Transfer of water and dissolved substances through a permeable membrane

A

Filtration

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43
Q

Occurs within the kidney’s glomerular capillaries

A

Filtration

44
Q

This is the energy required to move substances through the membrane(lesser to greater concentration- the Na K in the cell( sodium –potassium pump)

A

Active Transport

45
Q

Prevents too much sodium in the cell so the cell won’t burst

A

Active transport

46
Q

Force of attraction for water by undissolved particles helps keep fluid within blood vessels

A

Osmotic Pressure

47
Q

Plasma proteins help osmotic pressure

A

– they attract water

48
Q

_____, ______, and ______are major Extracellular substances that help move water between ECF and Cell

A

Sodium, chloride, & Glucose

49
Q

Fluids affect on cell wall

50
Q

_______ ________ enters- there is no movement of water across membranes …so cells maintain their normal size

A

Isotonic Solution

51
Q

NORMAL SALINE IS

A

ISOTONIC (0.9% NaCl)

52
Q

NORMAL SALINE causes

A

Vascular expansion, electrolyte replacement

53
Q

concentration is less than blood plasma

A

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION

54
Q

Moves fluid into cells & interstitial space

Cellular dehydration

A

Hypotonic solution

55
Q

Isotonic, Hypotonic, & Hypertonic are

A

Crystalloid Solutions

56
Q

Increase intravascular osmotic pressure (pressure of plasma proteins) within the intravascular space

A

Colloid Solutions

57
Q

Restores serum protein

A

Colloid solutions

58
Q

The pressure gradient pulls fluids into the vascular space.

A

Colloid solutions

59
Q

Normal saline is a

A

Volume expander

60
Q

Saline and electrolyte IV

A

Lactated Ringer

61
Q

IV solution ordered when you lose extracellular volume

A

Lactated ringer

62
Q

Isotonic solution but sugar metabolizes making it a hypotonic solution

63
Q

Solution that is given for cerebral edema

A

Hypertonic

64
Q

Causes filtration from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

65
Q

Is created by the weight or force of a solution e.g.. The pressure caused by BP against the walls of vessels causes fluid to move out depending on the BP

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

66
Q

Hydrostatic pressure minus osmotic pressure and tries to push fluids into tissue spaces

A

Filtration Pressure

67
Q

ECF is a ____% solution

68
Q

Signs and symptoms of ECF Volume Deficit

A

Orthostatic/postural changes in Pulse &BP.

Decreased Urine Output

69
Q

Signs and symptoms of decreased interstitial volume

A

Dry mucous membranes & poor skin turgor

Thirst

70
Q

Treatment for ECF Volume Deficit

A

Oral Replacement
IV replacement
Safety

71
Q

Treatment of of Fluid volume excess

A

Restrict NA & saline & diuretics, find cause

72
Q

Happens when water intake is increased or decreased

Or when water is retained or excreted excessively

A

Water or Osmolality Imbalance

73
Q

Occurs when decrease in H2o intake, an increase in water loss, or excess intake of solute

Serum Na greater than 145 mEq/L

A

Water deficit (ICF Deficit) or Hyperosmolaltiy or Hypernatremia

74
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hyperosmolality or Hypernatremia

A

Confusion, agitation Seizures, coma maybe death,

75
Q

SIADH

A

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH

76
Q

Treatment for Hyperosmolality or Hypernatremia

A

Replace orally or IV D5W

77
Q

Happens when there is an increase in water intake, abnormal secretion of ADH, or decreased urinary output of water

Serum Na of less than 135 mEq/L

A

Water Excess or Hypoosmolality or Hypnotremia

78
Q

Treatment of Water Excess or Hypoosmolality or Hypnotremia

A

water restriction

79
Q

Potassium is maintained by

A

sodium-potassium pump in the cells

80
Q

K+ changes lead to

A

altered excitability of muscles, cardiac cells and neuro

81
Q

Potassium is eliminated by

A

The kidneys

82
Q

______ causes K+ to move out of ECF & into cells esp. skeletal muscle & liver cells!!!

83
Q

Potassium higher than 5 mEq/L is called

A

Hyperkalemia

84
Q

Hyperkalemia is caused by:

A

renal failure, acidosis, massive tissue injury e.g. burns, self med errors, rapid IV infusion

85
Q

Hyperkalemia signs and symptoms

A

muscle irritability, EKG changes

86
Q

Treatment for Hyperkalemia

A

low Na+ diet, Kayexalate enemas or by po. IV Calcium Gluconate, IV Insulin. Can give diuretics if moderately elevated

87
Q

Hypokalemia is

A

Potassium below 3.5 mEq/L

88
Q

Hypokalemia can be caused by

A

vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics, aldostreone, alkalosis

89
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hypokalemia

A

Impaired neuromuscular transmission which leads to decrease in reflexes, muscle weakness which can lead to muscle paralysis, anorexia, N/V, EKG changed, greater risk of digoxin toxicity

90
Q

Treatment of Hypokalemia

A

Orally with Foods 2000-5500mg daily
Po supplements
IV

91
Q

Phosphorus level below 2.5 is called

A

Hypophosphatemia

92
Q

Hypophosphatemia is caused by

A

Alcoholism, Renal wasting, Uncontrolled diabetes Mellitus

93
Q

Hypophosphatemia signs and symptoms

A

Neuromuscular dysfunction, weakness (especially respiratory muscles), Fatigue, Ventricle dysrhythmias, confusion

94
Q

Hypophosphatemia treatment

A

Treat underlying cause, foods high in phosphorous, oral phosphorous replacement

95
Q

Major functions of Calcium

A

Transmission of nerve impulses, cardiac contractions, blood clotting, formation of teeth & bone, and muscle contraction

96
Q

Calcium is controlled by

A

Vit D, parathyroid hormone, and Calcitonin

97
Q

Patients who’ve had thyroidectomy have problems

A

with calcium

98
Q

Improper absorption from the GI tract, decreased fat soluble vitamins. Pancreatitis no parathyroids renal disease, & massive transfusions

A

Hypocalcemia

99
Q

cells increased excitability- which leads to muscle twitching , tingling & parasthesias of face fingers & toes increased reflexes, chvostek’s sign & tetany

A

Signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia

100
Q

Bone cancer, immobility, excessive antacid use hyperparathyroidism, and increase in Vit D

A

Causes of hypercalcemia

101
Q

impaired nerve and muscle conduction, decreased tone, bone pain, kidney stones(calculi), confusion, memory impairment & lethargy

A

Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia

102
Q

Causes: prolonged malnutrition, surgery, alcohol abuse

A

hypomagnesium

103
Q

tremors, cramps, increased BP, tachycardia, confusion & convulsions

A

Signs and symptoms of hypomagnesium

104
Q

60% of this goes to the bones and the rest in tissues

105
Q

Causes: kidney failure, excess ingestion of laxatives/ antacids

A

Hypermagnesium

106
Q

lethargy, coma when > 2.5, weak, paralysis, decreased reflexes, bradycardia

A

Signs and symptoms

107
Q

Plasma osmolality norm

A

280-300 osmos per kg

Nursing Fundamentals (19 decks)

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