Cardiac Function Flashcards
1
Q
Primary functions of the heart
A
Transport Oxygen
Transport Nutrients
Deliver Waste Products to Organs
2
Q
Right side circulation is
A
Pulmonary Circulation
3
Q
Left side circulation is
A
Systemic circulation
4
Q
What side is more muscular?
A
The left
5
Q
The left side pumps through
A
the left ventricle
6
Q
The heart pumps about ____ of blood a minute
A
5 quarts
7
Q
A normal heart beats about ____ times a day
A
100,000 times
8
Q
The three layers of the heart
A
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
9
Q
The inner layer of the heart is
A
Endocardium
10
Q
The middle layer of the heart is
A
Myocardium
11
Q
The outer layer of the heart is
A
Epicardium
12
Q
This layer lines the heart
A
endocardium
13
Q
This layer is the muscle
A
Myocardium
14
Q
This layer is the sac that surrounds the heart and attaches to the diaphragm and thorax
A
Epicardium
15
Q
Valves prevent
A
backflow
16
Q
Backflow causes
A
the heart to work harder
17
Q
When a portion of the valve balloons backwards into the left atrium. Blood regurgitates back into the left atrium
A
Mitrovalve prolapse
18
Q
MVP
A
Mitrovalve Prolapse
19
Q
The gatekeepers of the heart
A
the valves
20
Q
Maybe asymptomatic but is treated symptomatically
A
Mitrovalve prolapse
21
Q
Impulses Stimulated from the SA Node in
A
the right atrium
22
Q
Valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
A
Tricuspid valve
23
Q
Valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
A
Mitral valve
24
Q
Valve that separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary system
A
The pulmonary valve
25
Valve that separates the left ventricle from the aorta
The aortic valve
26
The pulmonary and aortic valves are called
Semilunar valves
27
The extensive network of vessels in the body is for the purpose of
Tissue perfusion
28
Gas exchange occurs in the
Capillaries
29
These blood vessels are thick walled to withstand constant pressure
Arteries
30
These blood vessels cannot withstand high pressure
capillaries
31
Valve problems are the major cause of
Low bloodflow
32
What can affect the valves?
Inflammation, infection, trauma, congenital defects
33
SA Node
Sino-Atrial Node
34
This is located in the anterior portion of the right atrium
SA node
35
This is called the pacemaker of the heart
Sinoatrial node (SA Node)
36
Firing rate of the SA node
60-100 bpm
37
AV Node
Atrioventricular Node
38
This receives the impulse from the SA node and blankets the impulse over the ventricles
AV node
39
Firing rate of the AV node
40-60 bpm
40
SA node responds to
electrolytes
41
Collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction
Bundle of His
42
Firing rate of Bundle of His
30-40 bpm
43
Stimulation of the ventricular myocardial cells initiating contraction
Purkinje Fibers
44
Firing rate of Purkinje Fibers
20-30 bpm
45
If the electrical wiring of the heart does not fix in an efficient manner
the heart becomes an inefficient pump.
46
Adequate oxygenation to cells, tissues, organs, body systems may be compromised if the heart
is ineffective
47
In between systole and diastole, the heart
rests
48
Systole =
Contraction
49
Diastole =
Relaxation
50
During systole, the chambers of the heart become smaller, due to
Contraction of the myocardial cells.
51
During systole, blood is ejected from the Left ventricle into
the aorta
52
During diastole, the chambers of the heart expand, due to
Relaxation of the myocardial cells
53
During diastole,
filling of blood within the heart chambers, in preparation for
the next contraction
54
Diastole takes _____ in comparison to systole
twice as long
55
Each ventricle ejects approximately _________ of blood per heart beat
70mL
56
Total cardiac output per minute
5 L/min
57
SV
Stroke volume
58
The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute
Cardiac output
59
Normal cardiac output is
3.5 - 8 L/min
60
Cardiac output varies according to
Metabolic demand
61
CO = SV x HR
Cardiac output = Stroke volume x Heart Rate
62
Amount of blood ejected from the LV, per contraction (heart beat)
Stroke volume (SV)
63
SV is determined by three things
Strength of muscle
Volume
Resistance to bloodflow
64
If BP is high, the SV will
decrease
65
Which side of the heart has more blood supply and is more muscular?
The left side
66
Average resting SV is
70mL
67
The heart is unique because of it
automaticity. It conducts itself
68
Extracts _______ % of oxygen carried by RBCs
70% - 80%
69
Myocardial cells are fed by the
coronary vessels
70
Tissue hypoxia causes coronary arteries to
dilate & increases coronary blood flow without symptoms
71
MVP symptoms
SOB, chest pins, anxiety, and palpatations
72
Myocardial supply can increase up to _____ to meet metabolic demands
6 times
73
Heart disease presents differently in
men and women
74
Do men have larger blood vessels than woman?
Yes
75
Blood flow from the heart goes to the arteries then
the arterioles
76
Blood flow from the arteries to the arterioles then goes to
capillaries
77
Blood flow from the capillaries goes to the
venules
78
Blood flow from the venules goes to
the veins
79
Blood flow from the veins goes
back to the heart
80
Function of the Cardiovascular System depends on
SA Node
Emptying and filling properly
strength to contract
81
Factors affecting cardiovascular function
```
Elevated serum lipid levels
HTN
Cigarette smoking
DM
Lifestyle (sedentary vs. active)
Stress & obesity
Metabolic syndrome
Excessive salt intake
```
82
Changes in activity tolerance leads to
loss of elasticity in the vessels
83
If the SA nodes are not firing
AV nodes start to fire
84
Most common heart problems presenting in women
exhaustion and cold sweats
85
Women begin to have heart problems after menopause
Because estrogen is protective
86
If the heart does not return to normal flow
There will be death of tissues and organs
87
If there is no blood flow, the kidneys will begin to shut down and
decrease urine output
88
Normal daily salt intake
2g
89
A cluster of symptoms is
Metabolic syndrome
90
Large meals and/ or exercise increases
Metabolic demand
91
Cholesterol should be below
200
92
HDL should be
above 60
93
LDL should be below
100
94
Triglycerides should be below
150
95
OTC cold meds may raise
BP and heart rate
96
EPHEDRINE (wt. loss herbals) can cause
arrhythmias
97
Ephedra can interact with antihypertensive Rxs or antidepressants to
DANGEROUSLY ELEVATE b/p & HR
98
ALCOHOL INTAKE RECOMMENDED:
less than 2 oz/day
99
COCAINE
Associated w/ sudden cardiac arrest
INCREASING OXYGEN DEMAND
DECREASING MYOCARDIAL BLOOD SUPPLY
100
OVERDOSES OF OPIATES (i.e. HEROIN, MORPHINE) may cause
Severe HYPOtension & Respiratory Arrest
| May induce Pulmonary Edema
101
Birth control changes
the viscosity of blood
102
Altered Cardiovascular function:
Pulse character, HR
Weak, bounding
103
Altered Cardiovascular function:
Respiration
Increase of SOB
104
Altered Cardiovascular function:
Rubor
Redness or flushing
105
Altered Cardiovascular function:
Skin temp
Cold, clammy
106
Altered Cardiovascular function:
Skin, appearance
Hairloss and clubbing
107
MI pain is from
lack of blood flow causes the area to dies
108
Restriction of blood flow
ischemia
109
Altered cardiovascular function:
Arterial dysfunction
From Occlusions, plaque, and aneurysm
110
Altered cardiovascular function:
Capillary dysfunction
Leaky cause of tissue edema
111
Altered cardiovascular function:
Venous dysfunction
```
decrease blood volume
becomes pooled (edema)
```
112
TIA
Trans ischemic attack
113
Thrombus halts
blood flow
114
Claudication is pain caused by
too little blood flow to muscles during exercise.
115
Legs on people with cardiovascular problems are
Hairless
116
Complaints of chest pain with activity
Warrants investigation
117
Five points of stroke screening
```
Change in LOC
Change in vision (usually unilateral)
Change in Movement
Complain of numbness or tingling
Speech - drop of one side of face
```
118
Stroke is a code
gray
119
Strokes are identified by
clot or bleed
120
Calf pain at dorsiflexion of the foot
Homan's sign
121
Homan's sign can be
deep vein thrombosis
122
Pitting Edema:
Slight indentation (2mm)
+1
123
Pitting Edema:
Deeper pit (4mm)
+2
124
Pitting Edema:
Deep pit (6mm) Remains several seconds after pressing
+3
125
Pitting Edema:
Deeper pit (8mm) may remain for minutes
+4 called Frank swelling
126
Pitting Edema:
No pitting. Swelling to point of shiny warm skin
+5 or Brawny Edema
127
Diagnostic test for :
MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE / CARDIAC ISHCHEMIA
ALTERATIONS OF HEART RHYTHM
PROBLEMS of CONDUCTION SYSTEM.
EKG/ECG
128
Diagnostic test for :
```
STRUCTURAL HEART DEFECTS
MYOCARDIAL MUSCLE
THICKNESS AND MOTION
STRUCTURE AND MOTION
OF VALVES
SIZE OF CHAMBERS &
PRESENCE OF FLUID AROUND HEART
```
Echo/ Sonogram
129
Diagnostic test for:
DETERMINE PATENCY & SHAPE OF BLOOD VESSELS.
DIRECTION & VOLUME OF BLOOD FLOW
Doppler studies
130
Diagnostic test for:
DETERMINES PRECISE INFO.:
VALVE FXN & CARDIAC MUSCLE STRENGTH
MORE INVASIVE PROCEDURE
USE OF DYE (PT MAY FEEL FLUSHING SENSATION)
Cardiac catheterization
131
Diagnostic test for:
USES DYE TO OUTLINE BLOOD VESSELS AND CONFIRM OR R/O BLOCKAGES & DETECT ANEURYSMS
Angiography
132
Diagnostic test for:
Test done to determine problems with ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION or AUTOMATICITY in the heart.
Wires threaded through large veins & arteries.
Attempts made to reproduce dysrhythmias
Electrophysiology
133
Diagnostic test for:
Establish general size & shape
PULMONARY CONGESTION or EDEMA
Confirm placement of indwelling heart catheters & Pacemakers
Chest X-Ray
134
Diagnostic test done when there is an arrhythmia. It deadens the area to stop the arrhythmia
Electrophysiology
135
Diagnostic test similar to cardiac cath
Electrophysiology
136
Low hemoglobin
anemia
137
Anemia may cause
SOB
138
Blood test done every 6-8 hrs
Triponin
139
Protein released when there is cardiac muscle damage
Triponin
140
Normal triponin levels
0.0 - 0.4ng/mL
141
BNP
B-type natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide
142
If cardiac arrest is occuring
defribulation is needed
