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Nursing Fundamentals > Cardiac Function > Flashcards

Cardiac Function Flashcards

1
Q

Primary functions of the heart

A

Transport Oxygen
Transport Nutrients
Deliver Waste Products to Organs

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2
Q

Right side circulation is

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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3
Q

Left side circulation is

A

Systemic circulation

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4
Q

What side is more muscular?

A

The left

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5
Q

The left side pumps through

A

the left ventricle

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6
Q

The heart pumps about ____ of blood a minute

A

5 quarts

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7
Q

A normal heart beats about ____ times a day

A

100,000 times

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8
Q

The three layers of the heart

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

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9
Q

The inner layer of the heart is

A

Endocardium

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10
Q

The middle layer of the heart is

A

Myocardium

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11
Q

The outer layer of the heart is

A

Epicardium

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12
Q

This layer lines the heart

A

endocardium

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13
Q

This layer is the muscle

A

Myocardium

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14
Q

This layer is the sac that surrounds the heart and attaches to the diaphragm and thorax

A

Epicardium

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15
Q

Valves prevent

A

backflow

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16
Q

Backflow causes

A

the heart to work harder

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17
Q

When a portion of the valve balloons backwards into the left atrium. Blood regurgitates back into the left atrium

A

Mitrovalve prolapse

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18
Q

MVP

A

Mitrovalve Prolapse

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19
Q

The gatekeepers of the heart

A

the valves

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20
Q

Maybe asymptomatic but is treated symptomatically

A

Mitrovalve prolapse

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21
Q

Impulses Stimulated from the SA Node in

A

the right atrium

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22
Q

Valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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23
Q

Valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

A

Mitral valve

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24
Q

Valve that separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary system

A

The pulmonary valve

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25
Q

Valve that separates the left ventricle from the aorta

A

The aortic valve

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26
Q

The pulmonary and aortic valves are called

A

Semilunar valves

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27
Q

The extensive network of vessels in the body is for the purpose of

A

Tissue perfusion

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28
Q

Gas exchange occurs in the

A

Capillaries

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29
Q

These blood vessels are thick walled to withstand constant pressure

A

Arteries

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30
Q

These blood vessels cannot withstand high pressure

A

capillaries

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31
Q

Valve problems are the major cause of

A

Low bloodflow

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32
Q

What can affect the valves?

A

Inflammation, infection, trauma, congenital defects

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33
Q

SA Node

A

Sino-Atrial Node

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34
Q

This is located in the anterior portion of the right atrium

A

SA node

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35
Q

This is called the pacemaker of the heart

A

Sinoatrial node (SA Node)

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36
Q

Firing rate of the SA node

A

60-100 bpm

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37
Q

AV Node

A

Atrioventricular Node

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38
Q

This receives the impulse from the SA node and blankets the impulse over the ventricles

A

AV node

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39
Q

Firing rate of the AV node

A

40-60 bpm

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40
Q

SA node responds to

A

electrolytes

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41
Q

Collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction

A

Bundle of His

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42
Q

Firing rate of Bundle of His

A

30-40 bpm

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43
Q

Stimulation of the ventricular myocardial cells initiating contraction

A

Purkinje Fibers

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44
Q

Firing rate of Purkinje Fibers

A

20-30 bpm

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45
Q

If the electrical wiring of the heart does not fix in an efficient manner

A

the heart becomes an inefficient pump.

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46
Q

Adequate oxygenation to cells, tissues, organs, body systems may be compromised if the heart

A

is ineffective

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47
Q

In between systole and diastole, the heart

A

rests

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48
Q

Systole =

A

Contraction

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49
Q

Diastole =

A

Relaxation

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50
Q

During systole, the chambers of the heart become smaller, due to

A

Contraction of the myocardial cells.

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51
Q

During systole, blood is ejected from the Left ventricle into

A

the aorta

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52
Q

During diastole, the chambers of the heart expand, due to

A

Relaxation of the myocardial cells

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53
Q

During diastole,

filling of blood within the heart chambers, in preparation for

A

the next contraction

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54
Q

Diastole takes _____ in comparison to systole

A

twice as long

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55
Q

Each ventricle ejects approximately _________ of blood per heart beat

A

70mL

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56
Q

Total cardiac output per minute

A

5 L/min

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57
Q

SV

A

Stroke volume

58
Q

The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute

A

Cardiac output

59
Q

Normal cardiac output is

A

3.5 - 8 L/min

60
Q

Cardiac output varies according to

A

Metabolic demand

61
Q

CO = SV x HR

A

Cardiac output = Stroke volume x Heart Rate

62
Q

Amount of blood ejected from the LV, per contraction (heart beat)

A

Stroke volume (SV)

63
Q

SV is determined by three things

A

Strength of muscle
Volume
Resistance to bloodflow

64
Q

If BP is high, the SV will

A

decrease

65
Q

Which side of the heart has more blood supply and is more muscular?

A

The left side

66
Q

Average resting SV is

A

70mL

67
Q

The heart is unique because of it

A

automaticity. It conducts itself

68
Q

Extracts _______ % of oxygen carried by RBCs

A

70% - 80%

69
Q

Myocardial cells are fed by the

A

coronary vessels

70
Q

Tissue hypoxia causes coronary arteries to

A

dilate & increases coronary blood flow without symptoms

71
Q

MVP symptoms

A

SOB, chest pins, anxiety, and palpatations

72
Q

Myocardial supply can increase up to _____ to meet metabolic demands

A

6 times

73
Q

Heart disease presents differently in

A

men and women

74
Q

Do men have larger blood vessels than woman?

A

Yes

75
Q

Blood flow from the heart goes to the arteries then

A

the arterioles

76
Q

Blood flow from the arteries to the arterioles then goes to

A

capillaries

77
Q

Blood flow from the capillaries goes to the

A

venules

78
Q

Blood flow from the venules goes to

A

the veins

79
Q

Blood flow from the veins goes

A

back to the heart

80
Q

Function of the Cardiovascular System depends on

A

SA Node
Emptying and filling properly
strength to contract

81
Q

Factors affecting cardiovascular function

A 
Elevated serum lipid levels
HTN
Cigarette smoking
DM
Lifestyle (sedentary vs. active)
Stress & obesity
Metabolic syndrome
Excessive salt intake
82
Q

Changes in activity tolerance leads to

A

loss of elasticity in the vessels

83
Q

If the SA nodes are not firing

A

AV nodes start to fire

84
Q

Most common heart problems presenting in women

A

exhaustion and cold sweats

85
Q

Women begin to have heart problems after menopause

A

Because estrogen is protective

86
Q

If the heart does not return to normal flow

A

There will be death of tissues and organs

87
Q

If there is no blood flow, the kidneys will begin to shut down and

A

decrease urine output

88
Q

Normal daily salt intake

A

2g

89
Q

A cluster of symptoms is

A

Metabolic syndrome

90
Q

Large meals and/ or exercise increases

A

Metabolic demand

91
Q

Cholesterol should be below

A

200

92
Q

HDL should be

A

above 60

93
Q

LDL should be below

A

100

94
Q

Triglycerides should be below

A

150

95
Q

OTC cold meds may raise

A

BP and heart rate

96
Q

EPHEDRINE (wt. loss herbals) can cause

A

arrhythmias

97
Q

Ephedra can interact with antihypertensive Rxs or antidepressants to

A

DANGEROUSLY ELEVATE b/p & HR

98
Q

ALCOHOL INTAKE RECOMMENDED:

A

less than 2 oz/day

99
Q

COCAINE

A

Associated w/ sudden cardiac arrest
INCREASING OXYGEN DEMAND
DECREASING MYOCARDIAL BLOOD SUPPLY

100
Q

OVERDOSES OF OPIATES (i.e. HEROIN, MORPHINE) may cause

A

Severe HYPOtension & Respiratory Arrest

May induce Pulmonary Edema

101
Q

Birth control changes

A

the viscosity of blood

102
Q

Altered Cardiovascular function:

Pulse character, HR

A

Weak, bounding

103
Q

Altered Cardiovascular function:

Respiration

A

Increase of SOB

104
Q

Altered Cardiovascular function:

Rubor

A

Redness or flushing

105
Q

Altered Cardiovascular function:

Skin temp

A

Cold, clammy

106
Q

Altered Cardiovascular function:

Skin, appearance

A

Hairloss and clubbing

107
Q

MI pain is from

A

lack of blood flow causes the area to dies

108
Q

Restriction of blood flow

A

ischemia

109
Q

Altered cardiovascular function:

Arterial dysfunction

A

From Occlusions, plaque, and aneurysm

110
Q

Altered cardiovascular function:

Capillary dysfunction

A

Leaky cause of tissue edema

111
Q

Altered cardiovascular function:

Venous dysfunction

A 
decrease blood volume
becomes pooled (edema)
112
Q

TIA

A

Trans ischemic attack

113
Q

Thrombus halts

A

blood flow

114
Q

Claudication is pain caused by

A

too little blood flow to muscles during exercise.

115
Q

Legs on people with cardiovascular problems are

A

Hairless

116
Q

Complaints of chest pain with activity

A

Warrants investigation

117
Q

Five points of stroke screening

A 
Change in LOC
Change in vision (usually unilateral)
Change in Movement
Complain of numbness or tingling
Speech - drop of one side of face
118
Q

Stroke is a code

A

gray

119
Q

Strokes are identified by

A

clot or bleed

120
Q

Calf pain at dorsiflexion of the foot

A

Homan’s sign

121
Q

Homan’s sign can be

A

deep vein thrombosis

122
Q

Pitting Edema:

Slight indentation (2mm)

A

+1

123
Q

Pitting Edema:

Deeper pit (4mm)

A

+2

124
Q

Pitting Edema:

Deep pit (6mm) Remains several seconds after pressing

A

+3

125
Q

Pitting Edema:

Deeper pit (8mm) may remain for minutes

A

+4 called Frank swelling

126
Q

Pitting Edema:

No pitting. Swelling to point of shiny warm skin

A

+5 or Brawny Edema

127
Q

Diagnostic test for :

MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE / CARDIAC ISHCHEMIA
ALTERATIONS OF HEART RHYTHM
PROBLEMS of CONDUCTION SYSTEM.

A

EKG/ECG

128
Q

Diagnostic test for :

STRUCTURAL HEART DEFECTS
MYOCARDIAL MUSCLE 
	THICKNESS AND MOTION
STRUCTURE AND MOTION 
	OF VALVES
SIZE OF CHAMBERS & 
PRESENCE OF FLUID AROUND HEART
A

Echo/ Sonogram

129
Q

Diagnostic test for:

DETERMINE PATENCY & SHAPE OF BLOOD VESSELS.
DIRECTION & VOLUME OF BLOOD FLOW

A

Doppler studies

130
Q

Diagnostic test for:

DETERMINES PRECISE INFO.:
VALVE FXN & CARDIAC MUSCLE STRENGTH
MORE INVASIVE PROCEDURE
USE OF DYE (PT MAY FEEL FLUSHING SENSATION)

A

Cardiac catheterization

131
Q

Diagnostic test for:

USES DYE TO OUTLINE BLOOD VESSELS AND CONFIRM OR R/O BLOCKAGES & DETECT ANEURYSMS

A

Angiography

132
Q

Diagnostic test for:

Test done to determine problems with ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION or AUTOMATICITY in the heart.
Wires threaded through large veins & arteries.
Attempts made to reproduce dysrhythmias

A

Electrophysiology

133
Q

Diagnostic test for:

Establish general size & shape
PULMONARY CONGESTION or EDEMA
Confirm placement of indwelling heart catheters & Pacemakers

A

Chest X-Ray

134
Q

Diagnostic test done when there is an arrhythmia. It deadens the area to stop the arrhythmia

A

Electrophysiology

135
Q

Diagnostic test similar to cardiac cath

A

Electrophysiology

136
Q

Low hemoglobin

A

anemia

137
Q

Anemia may cause

A

SOB

138
Q

Blood test done every 6-8 hrs

A

Triponin

139
Q

Protein released when there is cardiac muscle damage

A

Triponin

140
Q

Normal triponin levels

A

0.0 - 0.4ng/mL

141
Q

BNP

A

B-type natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide

142
Q

If cardiac arrest is occuring

A

defribulation is needed

Nursing Fundamentals (19 decks)

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