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Nursing Fundamentals > Infection and immune disorders > Flashcards

Infection and immune disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Refers to the study of diseases that result from dysfunctions within the immune system

A

Immunopathology

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2
Q

The body’s specific protective response to a foreign agent or organism is called

A

Immunity

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3
Q

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Consists of :

A

Bone Marrow
Lymphoid Tissues
White Blood Cells

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4
Q

Example of WBC

A

lymphocytes

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5
Q

B cells produce

A

antibodies

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6
Q

T cells-

A

recognize material as foreign

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7
Q

T cells must mature & activate before

A

they can respond!

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8
Q

Organ that filters old injured red blood cells where they are destroyed, storage area for lymphocytes

A

Spleen

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9
Q

Distributed throughout the body, remove foreign materials from the lymph before it enters the bloodstream

A

Lymph nodes

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10
Q

Tissues that contain immune cells that defend the body against microorganisms

A

Lymphoid tissues

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11
Q

Type of Immunity that is a non-specific response and

present at birth

A

Natural

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12
Q

Type of Immunity that is able to distinguish between friend or foe

A

Natural

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13
Q

Type of Immunity that includes physical barriers(skin, cilia) & chemical barriers(acidic gastric juices, enzymes in tears

A

Natural

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14
Q

Type of Immunity that is acquired during life not present at birth

A

Acquired

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15
Q

Type of Immunity that usually develops as a result of immunization or contracting a disease from another source

A

Acquired

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16
Q

First line of defense

A

Neutrophils

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17
Q

non specific response is also called

A

inflammatory response

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18
Q

innate

A

born with

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19
Q

Ability to spike a fever to lower rate of bacterial growth and give body enough time to attack infection

A

Non specific response or inflammatory reponse

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20
Q

Type of immunity that is slow and more specific

A

Acquired

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21
Q

Type of immunity that is developed by the person’s own body and lasts a lifetime

A

Active acquired

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22
Q

Type of immunity that is temporary and that is transmitted from another source ex. breastfeeding

A

Passive Acquired

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23
Q

Example of an artificial active acquired immunity is

A

immunization

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24
Q

Example of a natural active acquired immunity is

A

Exposure to infection agent

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25
Q

Example of a natural passive acquired immunity is

A

maternal antibodies aka breastfeeding

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26
Q

Example of an artificial passive acquired immunity is

A

Immunoglobulins

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27
Q

Terms and types of infection:

microbes on body surface, not causing response

A

Colonization

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28
Q

Terms and types of infection:

when an infection occurs after the body is already weakened by another infection

A

Opportunistic infection

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29
Q

Terms and types of infection:

Infection in previously healthy person

A

Primary Infection

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30
Q

Terms and types of infection:

Infection caused when person’s immune system is weakened.

A

Secondary Infection

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31
Q

Terms and types of infection:

Bacteria spread through blood stream

A

Bacteremia

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32
Q

Terms and types of infection:

Infections associated with healthcare delivery (hospital acquired).

A

Nosocomial Infection

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33
Q

Terms and types of infection:

Severe systemic response to infection

A

Sepsis

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34
Q

Type of WBC that ingest foreign materials, help to generate fever

A

Phagocytic

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35
Q

B lymphocytes transform themselves into plasma cells that manufacture antibodies

A

Humoral immune response

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36
Q

T lymphocytes turn into “killer T cells” & attack the pathogen

A

Cellular immune response

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37
Q

Humoral Response by B cells

A 
Bacterial phagocytosis & lysis
Anaphylaxis
Allergic hay fever & asthma
Immune complex disease
Bacterial & some viral infections
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38
Q

Cellular Response T cells

A 
Transplant rejection
Delayed hypersensitivity – tuberculin reaction
Graft-versus-host disease
  Tumor surveillance or destruction
Intercellular infections
Viral, fungal &  Parasitic infections.
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39
Q

B-cells respond to antigen by the formation of

A

antibodies they recognize the antigen as foreign.

40
Q

TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS:

First antibody produced in response to an antigen

A

IgM

41
Q

TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS:

Major serum antibody, assumes major role in blood born & tissue infections, crosses placenta

A

IgG

42
Q

TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS:

Appears in body fluids, prevents absorption of antigens from food, protects against respiratory, GI & GU infections

A

IgA

43
Q

TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS:

Role is unclear, may assist with B cell differentiation

A

IgD

44
Q

TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS:

Takes part in allergic & some hypersensitivity reactions

A

IgE

45
Q

10% of immunoglobulins

A

IgM

46
Q

75% of immunoglobulins

A

IgG

47
Q

15% of immunoglobulins

A

IgA

48
Q

0.2% of immunoglobulins

A

IgD

49
Q

0.004% of immunoglobulins

A

IgE

50
Q

Stages of immune response:

Immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign

A

Recognition Stage

51
Q

Stages of immune response:

Circulating lymphocytes pick up the message, transport it to the lymph nodes, dormant T cells turn into “killer T cells”, & dormant B cells begin to produce and release antibodies

A

Proliferation Stage

52
Q

Stages of immune response:

The changed lymphocytes function in either a humoral or cellular fashion

A

Response Stage

53
Q

Stages of immune response:

Antigens are destroyed or neutralized through the action of antibodies & “killer” T cells

A

Effector Stage

54
Q

these cells are activated on recognition of antigens & stimulate the rest of the immune system

A

Helper T Cells

55
Q

These cells attack the antigen directly by altering cell membrane causing cell lysis
Lymphokines (produced by Helper T cells) assist with destruction

A

Cytotoxic T cells- Killer cells

56
Q

These cells have the ability to decrease B cell production, keeping the immune response at a level compatible with health

A

Cytotoxic T cells

57
Q

These cells are responsible for recognizing antigens from previous exposure & mounting an immune response.

A

Memory cells

58
Q

These cells decrease b-cells to have a level response

A

Suppressor Cells

59
Q

A retrovirus that can carry its code into RNA & reproduce itself in the virus

A

HIV

60
Q

Normal WBC count

A

1500-1800

61
Q

PLWHA

A

People living with HIV or AIDS

62
Q

When the body attacks itself

A

Autoimmunity

63
Q

Virus that selectively attacks T cells and CD4 cells

A

HIV

64
Q

80-90% of HIV+ will become AIDS in within

A

10 years of infection

65
Q

ELISA testing began in…

A

Testing began in 1984

66
Q

¼ of the people living with HIV are

A

older than 50

67
Q

Post exposure prophylaxis must be started within

A

2 hrs after exposure

68
Q

HIV Infection through breastfeeding rate is __%

A

15%

69
Q

gut associated lymphoid tissue- provides viral seeding and reservoir

A

GALT

70
Q

Amount of virus in body after initial immune response

A

Viral set point

71
Q

Amount of HIV/RNA present in blood

A

Viral load

72
Q

Normal CD4 count is

A

500-1200

73
Q

CD4 under 200 is considered _____

A

AIDS

74
Q

HIV diagnostic test used most in hospitals

A

CD4 and CD8

75
Q

HIV test that gives results in 20 minutes

A

OraQuick

76
Q

HIV test for antibodies

A

EIA

77
Q

Signs and symptoms of _______

mild fever, weight loss, night sweats, diarrhea,
candida, other viral infections

A

HIV

78
Q

First stage of HIV infection

A

Primary Stage

79
Q

Second stage of HIV infection

A

Asymptomatic

80
Q

Third stage of HIV infection

A

Mild to moderate symptoms

81
Q

Fourth stage of HIV infection

A

Advanced HIV or AIDS

82
Q

HAART

A

Highly active retroviral therapy

83
Q

Antiretroviral Drug prevent HIV from getting into

A

T-cells and replicating

84
Q

Women are more prone to autoimmune diseases because of

A

Estrogen

85
Q

ANA

A

Antinuclear antibodies

86
Q

SLE

A

SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

87
Q

What test confirms SLE?

A

No single test confirms SLE

88
Q

Diagnosis age for females

A

13 to 40

89
Q

Goal of SLE treatment:

A

to prevent the progressive loss of organ function

90
Q

Medication that helps prevent antibodies against bodies own nuclei

A

Benlysta (belimumab)

91
Q

An autoimmune collagen disorder

A

Scleroderma

92
Q

Scleroderma Occurs in 2 forms:

A

Systemic & Localized

93
Q

Leaves skin edematous, shiny, taut
Losses elasticity, eventual tissue degeneration
Affects blood vessels & organs

A

Scleroderma pathology

94
Q

In SLE, prognosis is bad if

A

kidneys are affected

95
Q

MANAGEMENT OF SCLERODERMA

A

Ultraviolet A irradiation to decrease the synthesis of collagen in dermal fibrosis.
Meds
exercise program to prevent contractures

Nursing Fundamentals (19 decks)

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