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Infection and immune disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the study of diseases that result from dysfunctions within the immune system

A

Immunopathology

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2
Q

The body’s specific protective response to a foreign agent or organism is called

A

Immunity

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3
Q

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Consists of :

A

Bone Marrow
Lymphoid Tissues
White Blood Cells

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4
Q

Example of WBC

A

lymphocytes

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5
Q

B cells produce

A

antibodies

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6
Q

T cells-

A

recognize material as foreign

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7
Q

T cells must mature & activate before

A

they can respond!

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8
Q

Organ that filters old injured red blood cells where they are destroyed, storage area for lymphocytes

A

Spleen

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9
Q

Distributed throughout the body, remove foreign materials from the lymph before it enters the bloodstream

A

Lymph nodes

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10
Q

Tissues that contain immune cells that defend the body against microorganisms

A

Lymphoid tissues

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11
Q

Type of Immunity that is a non-specific response and

present at birth

A

Natural

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12
Q

Type of Immunity that is able to distinguish between friend or foe

A

Natural

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13
Q

Type of Immunity that includes physical barriers(skin, cilia) & chemical barriers(acidic gastric juices, enzymes in tears

A

Natural

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14
Q

Type of Immunity that is acquired during life not present at birth

A

Acquired

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15
Q

Type of Immunity that usually develops as a result of immunization or contracting a disease from another source

A

Acquired

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16
Q

First line of defense

A

Neutrophils

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17
Q

non specific response is also called

A

inflammatory response

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18
Q

innate

A

born with

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19
Q

Ability to spike a fever to lower rate of bacterial growth and give body enough time to attack infection

A

Non specific response or inflammatory reponse

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20
Q

Type of immunity that is slow and more specific

A

Acquired

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21
Q

Type of immunity that is developed by the person’s own body and lasts a lifetime

A

Active acquired

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22
Q

Type of immunity that is temporary and that is transmitted from another source ex. breastfeeding

A

Passive Acquired

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23
Q

Example of an artificial active acquired immunity is

A

immunization

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24
Q

Example of a natural active acquired immunity is

A

Exposure to infection agent

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25
Example of a natural passive acquired immunity is
maternal antibodies aka breastfeeding
26
Example of an artificial passive acquired immunity is
Immunoglobulins
27
Terms and types of infection: microbes on body surface, not causing response
Colonization
28
Terms and types of infection: when an infection occurs after the body is already weakened by another infection
Opportunistic infection
29
Terms and types of infection: Infection in previously healthy person
Primary Infection
30
Terms and types of infection: Infection caused when person’s immune system is weakened.
Secondary Infection
31
Terms and types of infection: Bacteria spread through blood stream
Bacteremia
32
Terms and types of infection: Infections associated with healthcare delivery (hospital acquired).
Nosocomial Infection
33
Terms and types of infection: Severe systemic response to infection
Sepsis
34
Type of WBC that ingest foreign materials, help to generate fever
Phagocytic
35
B lymphocytes transform themselves into plasma cells that manufacture antibodies
Humoral immune response
36
T lymphocytes turn into “killer T cells” & attack the pathogen
Cellular immune response
37
Humoral Response by B cells
``` Bacterial phagocytosis & lysis Anaphylaxis Allergic hay fever & asthma Immune complex disease Bacterial & some viral infections ```
38
Cellular Response T cells
``` Transplant rejection Delayed hypersensitivity – tuberculin reaction Graft-versus-host disease Tumor surveillance or destruction Intercellular infections Viral, fungal & Parasitic infections. ```
39
B-cells respond to antigen by the formation of
antibodies they recognize the antigen as foreign.
40
TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS: First antibody produced in response to an antigen
IgM
41
TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS: Major serum antibody, assumes major role in blood born & tissue infections, crosses placenta
IgG
42
TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS: Appears in body fluids, prevents absorption of antigens from food, protects against respiratory, GI & GU infections
IgA
43
TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS: Role is unclear, may assist with B cell differentiation
IgD
44
TYPES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS: Takes part in allergic & some hypersensitivity reactions
IgE
45
10% of immunoglobulins
IgM
46
75% of immunoglobulins
IgG
47
15% of immunoglobulins
IgA
48
0.2% of immunoglobulins
IgD
49
0.004% of immunoglobulins
IgE
50
Stages of immune response: Immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign
Recognition Stage
51
Stages of immune response: Circulating lymphocytes pick up the message, transport it to the lymph nodes, dormant T cells turn into “killer T cells”, & dormant B cells begin to produce and release antibodies
Proliferation Stage
52
Stages of immune response: The changed lymphocytes function in either a humoral or cellular fashion
Response Stage
53
Stages of immune response: Antigens are destroyed or neutralized through the action of antibodies & “killer” T cells
Effector Stage
54
these cells are activated on recognition of antigens & stimulate the rest of the immune system
Helper T Cells
55
These cells attack the antigen directly by altering cell membrane causing cell lysis Lymphokines (produced by Helper T cells) assist with destruction
Cytotoxic T cells- Killer cells
56
These cells have the ability to decrease B cell production, keeping the immune response at a level compatible with health
Cytotoxic T cells
57
These cells are responsible for recognizing antigens from previous exposure & mounting an immune response.
Memory cells
58
These cells decrease b-cells to have a level response
Suppressor Cells
59
A retrovirus that can carry its code into RNA & reproduce itself in the virus
HIV
60
Normal WBC count
1500-1800
61
PLWHA
People living with HIV or AIDS
62
When the body attacks itself
Autoimmunity
63
Virus that selectively attacks T cells and CD4 cells
HIV
64
80-90% of HIV+ will become AIDS in within
10 years of infection
65
ELISA testing began in...
Testing began in 1984
66
¼ of the people living with HIV are
older than 50
67
Post exposure prophylaxis must be started within
2 hrs after exposure
68
HIV Infection through breastfeeding rate is __%
15%
69
gut associated lymphoid tissue- provides viral seeding and reservoir
GALT
70
Amount of virus in body after initial immune response
Viral set point
71
Amount of HIV/RNA present in blood
Viral load
72
Normal CD4 count is
500-1200
73
CD4 under 200 is considered _____
AIDS
74
HIV diagnostic test used most in hospitals
CD4 and CD8
75
HIV test that gives results in 20 minutes
OraQuick
76
HIV test for antibodies
EIA
77
Signs and symptoms of _______ mild fever, weight loss, night sweats, diarrhea, candida, other viral infections
HIV
78
First stage of HIV infection
Primary Stage
79
Second stage of HIV infection
Asymptomatic
80
Third stage of HIV infection
Mild to moderate symptoms
81
Fourth stage of HIV infection
Advanced HIV or AIDS
82
HAART
Highly active retroviral therapy
83
Antiretroviral Drug prevent HIV from getting into
T-cells and replicating
84
Women are more prone to autoimmune diseases because of
Estrogen
85
ANA
Antinuclear antibodies
86
SLE
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
87
What test confirms SLE?
No single test confirms SLE
88
Diagnosis age for females
13 to 40
89
Goal of SLE treatment:
to prevent the progressive loss of organ function
90
Medication that helps prevent antibodies against bodies own nuclei
Benlysta (belimumab)
91
An autoimmune collagen disorder
Scleroderma
92
Scleroderma Occurs in 2 forms:
Systemic & Localized
93
Leaves skin edematous, shiny, taut Losses elasticity, eventual tissue degeneration Affects blood vessels & organs
Scleroderma pathology
94
In SLE, prognosis is bad if
kidneys are affected
95
MANAGEMENT OF SCLERODERMA
Ultraviolet A irradiation to decrease the synthesis of collagen in dermal fibrosis. Meds exercise program to prevent contractures

Nursing Fundamentals (19 decks)

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