Respiratory Drugs Flashcards
Epinephrine
- stimulates Alpha and Beta
- emergency treatment of life threatening bronchocontriction (anaphylaxis)
- not chronic
- not specific
- short acting
Clenbuterol (ventipulmin)
- B2 agonist (“ol”)
- approved for RAO in horses (IV or syrup)
- increase efficacy when inflammation is controlled as well
- low doses (bronchodilation)
- B2 selectivity is lost at higher dose (lipolysis, increased blood flow to muscles)
- banned in food animal
- don’t give to pregnancy mares ( tocolysis - uterine relaxation)
Salbutamol/Albuterol (ventolin - human form)
B2 agonist Blue inhaler for acute asthma attacks - aerosol route - cats and horses - chronic use not recommended (beta down regulation)
Salmeterol (human - advair, serevent)
- longer acting B2 agonist
- nebulization with mask for animals
What is a methylxanthine drug MOA?
- PDE inhibitor that relaxes the bronchial smooth muscle
- increase intracellular cAMP
- antagonize adenosine
- minor inflammatory effects (lower gene expression, lower degranulation)
Theophylline
- methylxanthines
- human formulations (injectable, Aq solutions, elixirs, tablets, capsules)
- enzymes inhibited by erthromycin, cimetidine, propranolol and fluoroquinolones (toxicity)
- enzymes induced by rifampin and phenobarbital (need to increase dose)
What are the mechanisms of action of anticholinergic drugs?
- inhibit vagally mediated smooth muscle tone (bronchodilation)
Name 3 anticholinergics used for resp?
Atropine - anticholinergic - test dose for RAO hores - may cause colic or ileus - increase HR, mydriasis Glycopyrrolate - mostly used during anesthesia Ipratropium - inhalent
How do glucocorticoids prevent resp disease symptoms?
- attenuates the inflammatory response (suppress cytokines, lower recruitment of airway eosinophils)
glucocorticoid airway efffects?
- decrease inflammation
- decrease response to allergens
- prevent wall remodelling
NET: increase radius
Name 2 systemic glucocorticoids used for resp disease?
Prednisolone/Prednisone (dogs)
Prednisolone (cats/horses)
Dexamethazone (power or injectable for horses)
Name 3 inhalant glucocorticoid used for resp?
Fluticasome (flovent) - potent and long acting - expensive Bevlomethasome (rivenase) Budesonide (pulmicort)
What are antileukotriene drugs? Name 2.
- leukotreiene receptor antagonist and or 5-lipooxygenase inhibitor drugs for chronic asthma use in humans
- not bronchodilators
- for chronic inflammation
- ineffective in cats?
Zafirlukast (Accolate)
Montelukast (Singulair)
What is serotonin and cyproheptadine used for and what does it do?
cats are sensitive to serotonin induced resp inflammation
- blocks H1 receptor and serotonin recpetor
- used for headshaking in horses
- just stick with steroids
How can opioids be used for antitussive?
Supress cough center in medulla
- u & K receptors
What 3 U agonists can we use for antitussive?
Morphine Codeine (methylmorphine) - increase F - decrease analgesic compared to morphine but equal antitussive Hydrocodone (hycodan)
What K agonist is used for antitussive?
Butorphanol
- poor F, so higher dose used
- dogs dont absorb well
What multiple opioid receptor agonist can be used for antitussive?
Tramadol
- multiple opioid receptor types + A2 and 5HT receptor
- antitussive activity of M1 and M2
- not as effective as butorphanol
What non true opioid can be used for antitussive?
Dextromethorphan
- D-isomer of levorpthan
- NMDA (glutamate) antagonist
- more of a placebo
What herbal ingredients can be used?
Camphor, Menthol, Canada Balsam, Pine needle oil, Tincture of capsicum
What is a resp stim used and what does it do?
Doxapram (repiram)
- direct stimulation of resp center
- neonatal or anesthetic use
What are 3 phlegm drugs and their effects?
Guaigenesin
- expectorant (mucous hydration for expelling)
Ambroxol
- mucokinetics - increase transportability)
N-acetlycycsteine
- mucolytics (reduce viscousity)
