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Pathophysiology > Respiratory Disorders > Flashcards

Respiratory Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A

hypoxemic respiratory failure with pulmonary edema

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2
Q

What is the patho of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A
  1. vasodilation causes increased pulmonary capillary permeability
  2. alveolar collapse because of ineffective surfactant
  3. reduction in lung volume/ventilation
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3
Q

In what part of the breathing process do people with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome experience a significant reduction in lung volume?

A

end expiration

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4
Q

What are the 4 manifestations of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A
  1. dyspnea with hypoxemia and hypercapnia
  2. crackles in lungs
  3. R heart failure (increased workload)
  4. multiple organ failure
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5
Q

How do you treat Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A

correct the cause

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6
Q

What is Asthma?

A

episodic, acute airway obstruction (genetic)

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7
Q

What is the patho of Asthma?

A
  1. stimulus = allergen, exercise
  2. bronchoconstricition because of cellular mediators
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8
Q

What is the patho of Asthma in the late stages?

A

mucous and edema

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9
Q

What are the 4 manifestations of Asthma?

A
  1. tachypnea
  2. cough
  3. wheezing
  4. chest tightness that worsens with deep breaths
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10
Q

What are the late signs of Asthma?

A

hypoxemia and hypercapnia

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11
Q

What is emphysema (COPD)?

A

permanent alveoli enlargement

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12
Q

What is the patho of emphysema?

A
  1. repeated exposure to irritant which cause inflammation and scarring
  2. proteases digest elastin and no antiproteases present
  3. alveolar damage = air trapping
  4. hyperinflation of lungs = CO2 retention
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13
Q

What are the 5 manifestations of emphysema?

A
  1. dyspnea
  2. productive cough
  3. barrel chest
  4. use of accessory muscles
  5. chronic hypercapnia
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14
Q

At what level is hypercapnia considered chronic?

A

above 50

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15
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

loss of negative pressure causing air to move to lowest pressure

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16
Q

What is the patho of a pneumothorax?

A
  1. air enter pleural space which increases pressure and causes lung collapse
  2. physical injury
17
Q

What are the 4 manifestations of pneumothorax?

A
  1. pain with inspiration
  2. dyspnea
  3. hypoventilation
  4. mediastinal shift
18
Q

What is a mediastinal shift?

A

trachea moves toward non-collapsed lung

19
Q

What is primary pulmonary hypertension?

A

unknown cause with poor prognosis
(more common in women)

20
Q

What is the patho of pulmonary hypertension?

A
  1. narrowing of pulmonary artery due to scarring or hypertrophy
  2. R. ventricular pressure rises which cause failure
21
Q

What are the 2 manifestations of pulmonary hypertension?

A
  1. mild hypoxia with cyanosis
  2. fatigue (early sign)
22
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

lung infection from airborne droplets

23
Q

What is the patho of tuberculosis?

A
  1. macrophages infected or destroyed which creates more T-cells and lytic enzymes
  2. heals and calcifies lungs
24
Q

What are the 4 manifestations of tuberculosis?

A
  1. conversion of skin tuberculin test
  2. flu-like symptoms (fatigue, night sweats)
  3. lymph node enlargement
  4. blood in sputum
25
Q

What is epiglottitis?

A

complication of upper respiratory function

26
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A

RSV
complication of lower respiratory function

27
Q

What are the 4 manifestations of epiglottitis and bronchiolitis?

A
  1. airway swelling and constriction
  2. nasal flaring
  3. retractions
  4. accessory muscle use
28
Q

What are the 8 manifestations of hypoxia?

A
  1. dyspnea
  2. accessory muscle use
  3. retractions
  4. nasal flaring
  5. increased HR
  6. cyanosis with clubbing
  7. increased erythropoietin release
  8. respiratory -> metabolic acidosis
29
Q

What is a late sign of hypoxia?

A

CO2 narcosis

30
Q

What happens during CO2 narcosis?

A

there is an increase in blood flow to the brain which cause IICP

31
Q

What are 2 things that occur with ventilation-perfusion mismatching?

A
  1. intrapulmonary shunting by vasoconstriction
  2. inability to saturate hemoglobin (hypoxemia)

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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