Respiratory Disorders Flashcards
What is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?
hypoxemic respiratory failure with pulmonary edema
What is the patho of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?
- vasodilation causes increased pulmonary capillary permeability
- alveolar collapse because of ineffective surfactant
- reduction in lung volume/ventilation
In what part of the breathing process do people with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome experience a significant reduction in lung volume?
end expiration
What are the 4 manifestations of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?
- dyspnea with hypoxemia and hypercapnia
- crackles in lungs
- R heart failure (increased workload)
- multiple organ failure
How do you treat Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?
correct the cause
What is Asthma?
episodic, acute airway obstruction (genetic)
What is the patho of Asthma?
- stimulus = allergen, exercise
- bronchoconstricition because of cellular mediators
What is the patho of Asthma in the late stages?
mucous and edema
What are the 4 manifestations of Asthma?
- tachypnea
- cough
- wheezing
- chest tightness that worsens with deep breaths
What are the late signs of Asthma?
hypoxemia and hypercapnia
What is emphysema (COPD)?
permanent alveoli enlargement
What is the patho of emphysema?
- repeated exposure to irritant which cause inflammation and scarring
- proteases digest elastin and no antiproteases present
- alveolar damage = air trapping
- hyperinflation of lungs = CO2 retention
What are the 5 manifestations of emphysema?
- dyspnea
- productive cough
- barrel chest
- use of accessory muscles
- chronic hypercapnia
At what level is hypercapnia considered chronic?
above 50
What is pneumothorax?
loss of negative pressure causing air to move to lowest pressure
What is the patho of a pneumothorax?
- air enter pleural space which increases pressure and causes lung collapse
- physical injury
What are the 4 manifestations of pneumothorax?
- pain with inspiration
- dyspnea
- hypoventilation
- mediastinal shift
What is a mediastinal shift?
trachea moves toward non-collapsed lung
What is primary pulmonary hypertension?
unknown cause with poor prognosis
(more common in women)
What is the patho of pulmonary hypertension?
- narrowing of pulmonary artery due to scarring or hypertrophy
- R. ventricular pressure rises which cause failure
What are the 2 manifestations of pulmonary hypertension?
- mild hypoxia with cyanosis
- fatigue (early sign)
What is tuberculosis?
lung infection from airborne droplets
What is the patho of tuberculosis?
- macrophages infected or destroyed which creates more T-cells and lytic enzymes
- heals and calcifies lungs
What are the 4 manifestations of tuberculosis?
- conversion of skin tuberculin test
- flu-like symptoms (fatigue, night sweats)
- lymph node enlargement
- blood in sputum
What is epiglottitis?
complication of upper respiratory function
What is bronchiolitis?
RSV
complication of lower respiratory function
What are the 4 manifestations of epiglottitis and bronchiolitis?
- airway swelling and constriction
- nasal flaring
- retractions
- accessory muscle use
What are the 8 manifestations of hypoxia?
- dyspnea
- accessory muscle use
- retractions
- nasal flaring
- increased HR
- cyanosis with clubbing
- increased erythropoietin release
- respiratory -> metabolic acidosis
What is a late sign of hypoxia?
CO2 narcosis
What happens during CO2 narcosis?
there is an increase in blood flow to the brain which cause IICP
What are 2 things that occur with ventilation-perfusion mismatching?
- intrapulmonary shunting by vasoconstriction
- inability to saturate hemoglobin (hypoxemia)
