Endocrine Disorders Flashcards
What are the 5 principle endocrine glands?
hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
What does idiopathic mean?
unknown cause
What is the pituitary gland activated by?
hypothalamus gland
If hormone function is abnormal what isn’t working?
negative feedback mechanism
What are the 6 hypothalamic hormones?
- growth hormone-releasing hormone
- growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
- thyrotropin-releasing hormone
- corticotropin-releasing hormone
- gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- prolactin-inhibiting factor
What hormone inhibits the thyroid-stimulating hormone?
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
What hormone works along with growth hormone-inhibiting hormone?
somatostatin
What hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone?
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
What hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
corticotropin-releasing hormone
What anterior pituitary hormone regulates secretion of proteins in the adrenal cortex glands?
adrenocorticotropic hormone
What hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone?
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
What hormone works along with the prolactin-inhibiting factor?
dopamine
What hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of prolactin?
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
What are the 6 anterior pituitary hormones?
- thyroid-stimulating hormone
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- follicle-stimulating hormone
- luteinizing hormone
- prolactin
- growth hormone
What anterior pituitary hormone stimulates metabolic process related to growth and adaption to physical and emotional stressors and functional capacity of organs?
growth hormone
What is prolactin deficiency?
no milk production following delivery
What is an example of prolactin deficiency?
Sheehan syndrome
What is Sheehan syndrome?
pituitary infraction during delivery
What happens to males with a gonadotropin deficiency?
testicular atrophy
What happens to females with a gonadotropin deficiency?
slows menstruation
uterus atrophy
breast atrophy
What happens during adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency?
pituitary gland cannot stimulate ATCH which causes a loss of cortisol
What happens with a loss of adrenal response?
patient doesn’t manage stress or illness well
What is an example of growth hormone deficiency?
dwarfism which is the result of genetics or a tumor
What are the manifestations of dwarfism?
short stature
delayed puberty
poorly developed muscles
dry skin
thin hair
What can hyperprolactinemia cause?
fertility issues
An increase in secretion of ACTH causes?
an increase in cortisol and an increase of blood glucose
What is an example of excess secretion of growth hormone?
giantism and acromegaly
Dwarfism is the result of
hypopituitarism
Giantism and acromegaly are the result of
hyperpituitarism
Giantism occurs
before puberty
Acromegaly occurs
after puberty
What are 3 manifestations of acromegaly?
coarse facial features
slanted forehead
protruding jaw
Cardiomegaly can cause?
hypertension
cardiac failure
What are two examples of posterior pituitary disorders?
syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
diabetes insipidus
What causes syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion?
increased secretion of ADH due to pituitary tumor or tumor in another part of the body that secretes ADH
What does an increase in ADH mean?
increased reabsorption of water
What are the 4 manifestations of syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion?
- fluid overload
- hyponatremia
- hemodilution
- cloudy, darker urine
What is hemodilution?
decreased specific gravity of blood that puts the body into a hyposmolar state
What are the manifestations of hemodilution?
confusions
seizure
coma (CNS)
What is the cause of diabetes insipidus?
genetics, lesions, medications, kidney disorders
What does a decrease in ADH mean?
loss of water
What are the 3 manifestations of diabetes insipidus?
polyuria
polydipsia
increased serum osmolality
What is polyuria?
increased urination that causes the body to be in a hypovolemic state
What is polydipsia?
increased thirst
Are pituitary tumors mostly benign or malignant?
benign
What are two manifestations of adenomas?
headaches
blurred vision
What is another word for pituitary tumors?
adenomas
How are adenomas removed?
by going through the nasal cavity
What is a common manifestation of adenomas?
increased prolactin
Malignant adenomas are usually located?
in the anterior lobe
The thyroid is involved with?
heat production and metabolism
What are the 4 thyroid gland hormones?
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
- Thyroid hormone
- calcitonin
What thyroid hormone is a precursor to T3?
T4
Another name for hyperthyroidism is?
thyrotoxicosis
What are the 8 manifestations of hyperthyroidism?
- goiter
- flushed skin
- fine and soft hair/nails
- exophthalmos
- cardiovascular alterations
- nervous system alterations
- weight loss
- hypermetabolic state
What is exophthalmos?
protrusion of eyes due to swelling of ocular muscles
What are the cardiac alterations seen with hyperthyroidism?
tachycardia
palpitations
hypertension
What are the nervous system alterations seen with hyperthyroidism?
restless
nervous
jittery
decreased attention span
frequent mood swings
What are two examples of hyperthyroidism?
grave’s disease
thyrotoxic crisis
How is grave’s disease caused?
an autoimmune disorder
What happens with grave’s disease?
immunoglobulins bind to TSH receptors
What is another name for thyrotoxic crisis?
thyroid storm
What is a thyrotoxic crisis?
sudden increase in thyroid hormone
it is very rare and very severe
What manifestation is unique to a thyrotoxic crisis?
uncontrolled fever (106 degrees)
Hypothyroidism is more common in males or females?
females
How is hypothyroidism caused?
congenital or acquired later in life
What are the 8 manifestations of hypothyroidism?
- dry skin
- myxedema
- fatigue
- weight gain
- intolerance to cold
- brittle hair
- decreased muscle movement and reflexes
- elevated TSH (adaptive response)
What is myxedema?
swelling around cheek bones and eyes
What are two examples of hypothyroidism?
hoshimoto thyroiditis (most common)
myxedema coma
How is hoshimoto thyroiditis caused?
an autoimmune disorder
What manifestation is unique to hoshimoto thyroiditis?
goiter
How is myxedema coma caused?
by an illness and is very severe
What are two manifestations of myxedema coma?
unresponsive
hypothermic
What are the characteristics of thyroid cancer?
progresses slowly and has a good prognosis
What are manifestations of thyroid cancer?
difficulty swallowing or breathing due to a thyroid nodule
What does the parathyroid hormone do?
regulates serum calcium levels which controls the rate of bone metabolism
What does hyperparathyroidism cause?
elevated serum calcium levels and increased excretion of phosphorus which cause possible precipitation in kidneys
What condition can hyperparathyroidism cause?
osteoporosis
Causes of hypoparathyroidism?
damage during surgery or inflammatory response
When does hypoparathyroidism become life-threatening?
if tetany develops
What are 3 manifestations of hypoparathyroidism?
numbness
tingling
stiffness in muscles
Where is the adrenal cortex located?
on kidneys
Mineralocorticoids lead to the release of which hormone?
aldosterone
What triggers aldosterone production?
renin-angiotensin system
- sodium depletion
- potassium excess
What are the 4 target tissues of aldosterone?
- distal renal tubules
- intestines
- sweat gland
- salivary glands
What is the function of aldosterone?
increases sodium reabsorption by distal tubules and increases potassium excretion by kidneys
Glucocorticoids lead to the release of which hormone?
cortisol
How would you describe cortisol and glucose relationship?
direct
What is the function of cortisol?
stimulates metabolsim of carbs, protein, fat, and glucose by enhancing glucose production by the liver
cellular repair
membrane integrity
Adrenal androgens are a precursor to?
testosterone
What diseases are an example of hyperfunction of adrenal hormones?
cushing syndrome
hyperaldosteronism
What causes cushing syndrome?
adrenal or pituitary neoplasm
exogenous glucocorticoid administration
What is exogenous glucocorticoid administration?
long-term steroid use
What 3 things does cushing syndrome cause?
elevated plasma ACTCH and cortisol
excessive catabolism of protein and fat
elevated glucose
What are the 5 manifestations of cushing syndrome?
- weight gain
- adipose tissue redistribution
- metabolic abnormalities (glucose)
- capillary and collagen fragility
- masculinization in females
What manifestation is unique to cushing syndrome?
moon face and buffalo hump
What is the cause of hyperaldosteronism?
increased production of renin in kidneys
What does hyperaldosteronism cause?
hypervolemic state
suppressed renin secretion activity
electrolyte imbalance
What are the 4 manifestations of hyperaldosteronism?
- hypertension
- weakness
- muscle wasting
- frequent urination
What diseases are examples of adrenal hormone hypofunction?
Addison’s disease
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
How is Addison’s disease caused?
sudden withdrawal of exogenous corticosterioid drugs which slows the inflammatory response
What medication puts people at risk for developing Addison’s?
prednisone
Low adrenocortical hormone levels leads to a decrease in?
cortisol, glucose, aldosterone
What does Addison’s disease cause?
altered metabolic state
hypovolemia
retention of potassium
ACTH increase
What are the 9 manifestations of Addison’s disease?
- weight loss
- weakness
- fatigue
- hypotension
- hypoglycemia
- low resistance to stress and infection
- bronze pigmentation of skin
- loss of axillary and pubic hair
- depression
What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
overproduction in ACTH which leads to adrogen effect
What are the two manifestations of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
decreased resistance to stress and infections
masculinization of females
What hormones are catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
On what tissues does epinephrine and norepinephrine have the greatest effect on?
heart and blood vessels
What does insulin antagonism result in?
an increase in blood glucose
What is pheochromocytoma?
excess production of catecholamines
What are the 7 manifestations of pheochromocytoma?
- tachycardia
- hypertension
- headache
- nervousness
- sweating
- palpitations
- cardiac failure
