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Pathophysiology > Neurological Disorders: Cortical > Flashcards

Neurological Disorders: Cortical Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Monro-Kellie Doctrine?

A

equilibrium in cranial vault

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2
Q

What does an increase in CSF cause?

A

hydrocephalus
(in ventricles)

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3
Q

What does an increase in blood volume cause?

A

brain aneurysm
AV malformation (unneeded connection)

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4
Q

What does an increase in brain tissue volume cause?

A

inflammation
tumor

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5
Q

What is a simple partial seizure?

A

don’t lose consciousness
focal motor, focal sensory

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6
Q

What is a complex partial seizure?

A

some amnesia involved
psychomotor

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7
Q

What 3 things does the Glasgow Coma Scale assess?

A
  1. eye opening
  2. best motor response
  3. best verbal response
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8
Q

What is a normal score on the Glasgow Coma Scale?

A

15

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9
Q

What score is concerning on the Glasgow Coma Scale?

A

less than 7

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10
Q

What is a CVA (stroke)?

A

disruption of cerebral blood flow not related to trauma

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11
Q

What is the patho of a CVA?

A
  1. deprivation of normal perfusion
  2. cerebral infarction
  3. inflammation
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12
Q

What factors affect manifestations of a CVA?

A

area and extent

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13
Q

What are the 4 manifestations of a CVA?

A
  1. aphagia
  2. dysphagia
  3. paralysis on one side (facial droop)
  4. decreased cognitive ability
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14
Q

What is aphagia?

A

trouble understanding others
issues reading and writing
difficulty articulating speech

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15
Q

What things are affected with decreased cognitive ability?

A

memory
reasoning
personality changes

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16
Q

What is the patho of Transient Ischemic Attacks?

A

clot forms with spasms present around it

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17
Q

What are the 3 manifestations of Transient Ischemic Attacks?

A
  1. symptoms last less than 24 hours
  2. neuro deficits
  3. warning sign
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18
Q

What is the patho of Alzheimer’s Disease?

A
  1. cortical (brain tissue) atrophy
  2. ventricular dilation
  3. formation of plaques with cytoplasm which destroys nerve cells
  4. amyloid deposits around BVs which decreases volume of brain tissue
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19
Q

At what pressure is considered increased intracranial pressure?

A

greater than 15mmHg

20
Q

What is the patho of IICP?

A
  1. increased blood volume, CSF, brain tissue
  2. an increase in BV pressure increases cerebral perfusion pressure
  3. herniation of brain
21
Q

How is CPP calculated?

A

MAP-ICP

22
Q

What is a normal cerebral perfusion pressure?

A

80-100mmHg at least 70

23
Q

What happens with herniation of the brain?

A

brain forced into obscure places in skull

24
Q

What are the 7 manifestations of IICP?

A
  1. headache
  2. changes in LOC
  3. changes in reflexes
  4. motor and visual changes
  5. abnormal posturing
  6. Cushing’s triad
  7. fixed and dilated pupils
25
Q

What is decerebrate posturing?

A

severe
head is back

26
Q

What is decorticate posturing?

A

less severe
arms brought to core

27
Q

What is Cushing’s triad?

A

a late sign of IICP
1. bradycardia
2. slow and deep respirations
3. widening pulse pressure

28
Q

What is the patho of Meningitis?

A
  1. bacteria or virus replicates in CSF and releases toxins
  2. inflammatory response that increases ICP
29
Q

What are the 8 manifestations of Meningitis?

A
  1. headache
  2. nuchal rigidity
  3. ataxia
  4. visual disturbances, photophobia
  5. seizures
  6. cloudy CSF
  7. petechial rash
  8. increases in WBCs
30
Q

What is nuchal rigidity?

A

neck becomes stiff

31
Q

What is ataxia?

A

gait or coordination dysfunction

32
Q

What is photophobia?

A

sensitivity to light

33
Q

What is the patho of seizures?

A

progressive depolarization of cells which creates excessive electrical discharges

34
Q

Where does a focal motor seizure occur?

A

locally and progresses distally

35
Q

What are the manifestations of a focal motor seizure?

A

contraversive movement
(eyes and head turn to one side)

36
Q

Where does a focal sensory seizure occur?

A

lesion in sensory cortex of parietal lobe

37
Q

What are the manifestations of a focal sensory seizure?

A

simple, auditory, tactile, or visual disturbance
(numbness, tingling)

38
Q

Where does a psychomotor seizure occur?

A

temporal lobe, medial surface of hemispheres, limbic system

39
Q

What are the 4 manifestations of a psychomotor seizure?

A
  1. bizarre behavior
  2. exaggerated emotions
  3. automatisms
  4. no verbal response
40
Q

What are automatisms?

A

actions without intention or conscious thoughts

41
Q

What are examples of automatisms present in a psychomotor seizure?

A

lip smacking
grunting
chewing

42
Q

What is the patho of a primary injury trauma?

A
  1. minimal disruption
    (confusion, LOC, concussion)
  2. extensive disruption
    (sever motor, sensory deficits)
43
Q

What is the patho of a secondary injury trauma?

A

inflammation
increased ICP
cerebral edema

44
Q

What is the patho of head trauma?

A

intracranial bleed/hematoma
(clot forms after hemorrhage)

45
Q

What are the 5 manifestations of head trauma?

A
  1. increased ICP
  2. seizures because of altered membrane transport
  3. abnormal bruising
  4. blood or CSF drainage through ears and nose
  5. altered motor and sensory function
46
Q

What is periorbital ecchymosis?

A

black eye associated with head trauma

47
Q

What is Battle’s sign?

A

bruising behind ear associated with head trauma

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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