Fluid Imbalance Flashcards
osmolality/osmolarity?
concentration of serum and urine
What is hypovolemia?
low volume in blood
What 2 things occur during hypovolemia?
- extracellular volume depletion
- water and electrolytes lost in same proportion
What are the 2 causes of hypovolemia?
- decrease in intake of fluids
- decrease in extracellular volume
What 4 things can cause a decrease in extracellular volume?
- hemorrhage
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- excessive swelling
A volume deficit leads to…
decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure and filtration
What is the role of hydrostatic pressure?
pushes fluid/solute out of capillaries to nourish tissues
Where is there more hydrostatic pressure?
in arterioles
What is the role of osmotic pressure?
pulls fluid in so fluid doesn’t go into interstitial space
Where is there more osmotic pressure?
in venules
When are cells deprived?
if there is less movement of fluids
What are the 3 manifestations of hypovolemia?
- tissue dehydration
- decreased blood volume
- decreased tissue perfusion
What 6 things can be seen during tissue dehydration?
- decreased skin elasticity
- dry mucous membranes
- decrease in urine output
- increase HR
- decreased BP
- decreased oxygen supply in blood
What is hypervolemia?
increased volume in blood
What 2 things occur during hypervolemia?
- excess extracellular fluid volume
- water and electrolytes gained in same proportion
What are the 4 causes of hypervolemia?
- increased administration of isotonic fluids
- increased dietary intake of NaCl
- disease states
- expansion of extracellular space and circulatory overload
What 4 disease states cause hypervolemia?
- chronic renal failure
- liver failure
- heart failure
- hyperaldosteronism
How does hyperaldosteronism cause hypervolemia?
aldosterone stimulates Na and water (fluid overload)
What are the 5 manifestations of hypervolemia?
- edema
- increased BP and pulse
- increased urine output
- weight gain
- shortness of breath
What is an edema?
expansion or accumulation of interstitial fluid volume (third-space shift)
fluid shift from plasma->
interstitial spaces -> connective tissues
What is the term for build-up of fluid in spaces of body?
effusion
Where is effusion most common? 2 locations
- between linings of lungs and around lungs (pleural effusion)
- pericardial effusion
What are the 4 causes of edema?
- inflammation
- increased blood volume
- venous obstruction
- decreased serum albumin
How does inflammation cause edema?
there is an increase in capillary permeability therefore leakage could occur
How does venous obstruction cause edema?
it can affect capillary fluid transition into tissues
How does decreased serum albumin cause edema?
the fluid is kept in the interstitial space
What 4 things occur because of edema?
- increased capillary permeability
- decreased capillary oncotic pressure
- increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
- lymphatic obstruction
How does edema cause increased capillary permeability?
there are more solutes in the interstitial space
How does edema cause decreased capillary oncotic pressure?
there is more fluid staying out of the vessel on the venous side
How does edema cause lymphatic obstruction?
fluid can’t be absorbed from the interstitial space
What is a pitting edema?
leaves an indent when pressure is applied
What is a weeping edema?
fluid seeps through pores
(on damaged skin; severe burns)
What is a dependent edema?
body part in a dependent position (sitting, arms down) swells
What is a generalized edema?
from kidney failure
(swelling all over)
What is a pulmonary edema?
occurs in the lungs and is because of heart failure
What is hypo-osmolar (hypotonic) imbalance?
excess retention of free water or solute loss
(blood is more dilute)
