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3- FA- Cardiorespiratory disease > Respiratory disease in sheep SDL > Flashcards

Respiratory disease in sheep SDL Flashcards

1
Q

List 5 ice-berg diseases in sheep

A

Maedi Visna
Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma
Caseous Lymphadenitis
Johne’s
Border Disease

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2
Q

What is Maedi Visna

A

A chronic infectious retrovirus disease
infects lungs and nervous system

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3
Q

How is Maedi Visna transmitted

A

aerosol transmission, increased by close contact
also milk and colostrum

virus does not live long in the environment

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4
Q

What are the clinical signs of Maedi Visna

A

increased pneumonia and mastitis incidence is a chronic wasting disorder which also includes laboured breathing
low milk production leading to poor lamb growth

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5
Q

What age sheep does Maedi Visna affect

A

All ages of sheep can be affected
>3 years old

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6
Q

What is the presentation of Maedi Visna post-mortem

A

Animal have heavy grey coloured lungs

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7
Q

How can Maedi Visna be diagnosed

A

blood testing is the only reliable method of detection

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8
Q

How can you treat Maedi Visna

A

ultimately a fatal condition - no vaccine available

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9
Q

Describe how you can reduce the risk of Maedi Visna

A

sourcing animals from accredited flocks
monitoring and testing new stock
reducing stocking density
increasing biosecurity

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10
Q

What is Jaagsiekte also known as

A

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis

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11
Q

What causes OPA

A

a beta retrovirus which infects cells in the lungs

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12
Q

what is OPA

A

a contagious tumour of the lungs of sheep
tumours can produce high levels of a white foaming fluid increasing the risk of secondary infections such as pasteurella

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13
Q

How is OPA transmitted

A

typically aerosol and can also be passed through colostrum and milk

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14
Q

Which animals are most susceptible to OPA

A

younger stock
but olders can also be infected
infection typically peaks in ewes around 4yrs and tups at 1-2 yrs

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of OPA

A

severe weight loss
laboured breathing
some animals may cough or produce a nasal discharge
infection can often appear as a sudden death

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16
Q

How can you detect OPA

A

No blood test available
ultrasound lungs for tumours - scan and cull system
wheelbarrow test- will see fluid come out- not allowed now due to animal welfare concerns

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17
Q

How can you diagnose OPA

A

fluid production
post mortem
PCR in the future

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18
Q

What is the presentation of OPA post mortem

A

lungs are larger/ heavier than normal with areas of solid grey tumour

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19
Q

Where should the probe be located when ultrasound scanning for OPA

A

at 6th/7th intercostal space

20
Q

Describe how you can control OPA

A

slaughter affected animals
buy from trusted sources
minimise common trough use
reduce stocking density

21
Q

What is caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) caused by

A

is a bacterial infection
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

22
Q

Describe the transmission of contagious lymphadenitis (CLA)

A

enter through skin abrasions (may be microscopic), inhalation or ingestion

23
Q

How does CLA cause disease

A

infected wound will spread infection to the draining lymph nodes
bacteria will multiply and form a micro-abscess
this will coalesce into a larger abscess which will then wall off and the bacteria will grow and release an exotoxin

24
Q

T/F antibiotics are not effective against CLA

A

True - because they are not effective inside the abscess

25
Q

How long can CLA bacteria survive in the environment

A

up to 8 months- but is killed by sunlight
up to 24 hrs in sheep dip

26
Q

Describe how CLA tends to be introduced to a flock

A

bought in infected animals
potentially via fomite transmission through infected pus
shearing is a risk time for spread
aerosol if abscess is in lung

27
Q

Describe how you confirm CLA

A

bacteriology on the pus from a ruptured abscess or a blood antibody ELISA test

28
Q

Describe the clinical signs of CLA

A

vary depending on the location of the abscesses
typically lumps and bumps on the head and neck

29
Q

List some potential ways to prevent CLA

A

buy stock from trusted sources
increase boundary biosecurity
separate infected animals
no vaccine in the uk

30
Q

Which breeds is laryngeal chondritis associated with

A

texels, beltex and southdowns

31
Q

what is laryngeal chondritis associated with

A

short thick neck and high concentrate feeding

32
Q

How does laryngeal chondritis occur

A

suppurative lesions form within the arytenoid cartilage and narrow the lumen of the larynx causing severe dyspnoea with laryngeal stridor which can often be fatal

33
Q

Describe how you treat laryngeal chondritis

A

one-off dexamethasone injection
with a week’s course of antibiotics (amox/clav - off licence)

34
Q

does laryngeal chondritis normally reoccur

A

yes

35
Q

List the 5 main causes of bacterial pneumonia in sheep

A

Mannhaemia haemolytica
mycoplasma speceies
bibersteinia trehalosi
pasturella multocida
bordetella parapertussis

36
Q

What are the 5 differential diagnoses for coughing lambs

A

pasteurellosis
atypical pneumonia
viral pneumonia
lungworm
mycotic pneumonia

37
Q

What are the 2 types of pasturellosis

A

pasturellosis caused by Mannheimia haemolytica
Pasturellosis caused by bibersteinia trehalosi

38
Q

How does pasteurellosis- Mannheima haemolytica, affect sheep and lambs

A

older sheep- pneumonia
lambs- septicaemia (<12 weeks)

39
Q

List 8 clinical signs of pasteurellosis- mannheimia haemolytica in sheep/lambs

A

cough
inappetence
ocular-nasal discharge
pyrexia
toxaemia
hyperpnoea
tachypnoea
dyspnoea

40
Q

what are 3 clinical signs of mycoplasma involement in pasteurellosis in sheep

A

fewer acute signs
persistent dry soft cough
poor growth rates

41
Q

List 5 risk factors for the development of pasteurellosis- Mannheimia haemolytica

A

concurrent infections with other resp pathogens
environmental conditions- housing, stock density, temp
extreme weather
stress
diet change

42
Q

List 4 post morteum signs of mannheima haemolytica

A

lungs purple-red, swollen and heavy
sink in water
straw yellow pleural exudate with fibrin clots
tracheobronchial lining is red-purple with pink froth in airways

43
Q

List 4 post mortem changes seen with Bibersteinia trehalosi

A

coalescing haemorrhages in thoracic regions
necrosis and ulceration of mucosa in pharynx, stomachs and oesophagus
enlarged purple pharyngeal lymph nodes and lung consolidation
pin point of hepatic necrosis

44
Q

Describe how to treat pasteurella in sheep

A

Oxytetracycline - first choice

45
Q

List 6 ways to reduce the risk of pasteurellosis in lambs

A

reduce stress
avoid mixing sources of sheep
good ventilation and airflow, no draughts
introduce food change gradually- plenty of forage
ensure sheep healthy- good immune response to challenge
vaccinate to improve immune response

46
Q

What can be seen on PM with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae

A

Dark red to grey raised areas on apical & cardiac lobes

3- FA- Cardiorespiratory disease (14 decks)

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