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3- FA- Cardiorespiratory disease > Bacterial endocarditis and TRP > Flashcards

Bacterial endocarditis and TRP Flashcards

1
Q

What is more common cardiovascular disease: acquired or congenital

A

Acquired

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2
Q

What are the 2 most common forms or pericarditis

A

Traumatic reticulo-pericarditis- hard wire disease
Septic pericarditis

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3
Q

What 2 structures lie close together in the cow on either side of the diaphragm

A

pericardium and reticulum

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4
Q

How does traumatic reticulo-pericarditis occur

A

Ingestion of sharp linear FB
penetrates the reticular wall into pericardial sac through diaphragm

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5
Q

Where do the FB come from that cause TRP

A

wires from tyres used to weigh down silage cover

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6
Q

Describe how TRP affects cardiac function

A

Cardiac tamponade
reduced cardiac output
chronic heart failure

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7
Q

what is cardiac tamponade

A

when abnormal amounts of fluid accumulate in the pericardial sac compressing the heart and leading to a decrease in cardiac output and shock

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8
Q

Describe the early presenting signs seen with TRP

A

Tachycardia
Pain - withers test positive
rubbing/ friction sounds on auscultation
pyrexia

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9
Q

Describe the withers pinch test

A

looks for cranial abdominal or caudal thoracic pain
need to do twice
absence of response is indicative of pain

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10
Q

What are the later stage clinical signs of TRP

A

muffled heart sounds (bilateral)
difficulty palpating apex beat
pyrexia
signs related to congestive heart failure

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11
Q

What are the signs of congestive heart failure in a cow

A

jugular distension
ventral oedema
tachycardia
dyspnoea
injected scleral vessels

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12
Q

Where would you ultrasound for TRP diagnosis

A

ICS3-ICS5 on both sides

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13
Q

what are the complications of pericardiocentesis

A

pneumothorax
cardiac puncture
contamination of pleural space

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14
Q

What is the recommended treatment for early stages of TRP (before fibrinous septic pericarditis)?

A

Magnet
broad spectrum antibiotics - amoxicillin, oxytetracycline

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15
Q

What is the recommended treatment in late stages of TRP (after fibrinous septic pericarditis)?

A

Euthanasia
prognosis= poor to hopeless at this stage

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16
Q

What valves can be listened to with stethoscope in the following positions on the left side:
ICS3
ICS4
ICS5

A

3 = pulomonary
4 = Aortic
5 = Mitral

17
Q

What valve can be listened to at the 5th ICS on the right side?

A

Tricuspid/Atrioventricular valve

18
Q

Which bacteria commonly causes bacterial endocarditis?

A

Truperella pyogenes

19
Q

Where are the most predilection sites for bacteraemia in a cow heart

A

Tricuspid valve
mitral valve

20
Q

List the clinical signs you generally seen with bacterial endocarditis

A

Murmur +/- palpable thrill
persistent tachycardia
ill thrift
milk drop

21
Q

What is haematogenous spread with bacterial endocarditis?

A

Bacteria makes valves more friable so small pieces break off, enter circulation and settle in organs with small capillaries e.g. liver/kidneys

22
Q

Describe how to treat bacterial endocarditis in cows

A

Long term antibiotic therapy - minimum 3 weeks
penicillin/ amoxicillin are antibiotics of choice

23
Q

Describe the prognosis of bacterial endocarditis in cows

A

guarded
return to normal heart sounds and rate- good prognostic indicator
better if diagnosed and treated early
signs of CHF= poor prognosis

24
Q

What are the signs of congenital cardiac disorder in calves

A

Murmurs
poor growth
increased respiratory rate/ effort
cough

25
Q

What is the most common congenital heart abnormality seen in calves shown in this picture

A

Ventricular septal defect

26
Q

What happens with ventricular septal defect?

A

Left to right shunting of blood, pansystolic murmur louder on the right

27
Q

What conditions make up tetralogy of fallot?

A

VSD, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, over-riding aorta

28
Q

What signs can hyperkalaemia in calves cause?

A

Bradyarrythmia, severe acute diarrhoea, urinary obstructions

29
Q

What is the effect of TRP on cardiac function

A

pericardium fills with fluid and it can’t stretch anymore- this leads to cardiac tamponade and CHF

3- FA- Cardiorespiratory disease (14 decks)

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