Anaemia and haemolytic conditions Flashcards
Simply what are the 3 causes of anaemia
Haemorrhage
Haemolysis
Decreased or failure of red blood cell production
How can haemolysis be further categorised
Intravascular haemolysis
Extravascular haemolysis
What clinical features can be used to differentiate intravascular and extravascular haemolysis?
Intravascular: Haemoglobinaemia (pink plasma), haemoglobinuria (pink tinged urine)
Extravascular: Jaundice
What occurs in intravascular haemolysis
Red blood cell destruction occurs in the blood vessels
What occurs in extravascular haemolysis
RBC destruction of non-circulating red blood cells occurs at a site outside of the bloodstream. The most common sites for this to occur are the liver and spleen, and sometimes bone marrow.
What are the differential diagnosis for blood loss anaemia (regenerative) in cattle?
Abomasal ulceration
Trauma
Severe fasciola hepatica infection
Severe blood sucking endoparasite infestation
Severe coccidosis
CVCS
Bleeding disorder
List 5 differential diagnosis of intravascular haemolytic anaemia in cattle
Hypophosphataemia
Babesia divergens infection
Water intoxication
Clostridium haemolyticum infection
Chronic copper toxicity
describe the signalment of hypophosphatemia
Cows approx 10 days after calving
What are the differential diagnosis of extravascular haemolytic anaemia (regenerative) in cattle?
Mycoplasma wenyonii infection
Candidatus mycoplasma haemobos infection
What are the differential diagnosis of no regenerative anaemia in cattle?
Anaemia associated with chronic disease: pyelonephritis, chronic pneumonia, endocarditis, visceral abscesses
Bracken toxicity
How can chronic inflammation lead to non regenerative anaemia?
Hepcidin release from the liver causing sequestration and macrophages and iron malabsorption
List 2differential diagnosis of haematuria?
Bracken toxicity
Pyelonephritis
urogenital tract trauma
What causes abomasal ulceration in cattle?
Stress
concurrent disease
NSAID usage
What are the clinical signs of abomasal ulceration in cattle?
Melena
mild abdominal pain
tachycardia
sudden onset anorexia
sudden drop in milk production
weakness
How is abdominal ulceration in cattle diagnosed
Predominantly based on clinical signs
Transabdominal US if associated peritonitis for presumptive diagnosis if alongside melena
Can do transabdominal US of abdmasum for defects in a hospital
Definitive diagnosis on PM
How is abdominal ulceration treated?
Good nursing care
Treat any concurrent disease
Broad spec AB if associated peritonitis
Euthanasia- poor prognosis
Describe how to prevent abdominal ulceration in cattle
avoid stressors
avoid prolonged periods of inappetence
Assess copper levels and supplement if deficient
List 2 causes of hypophosphatemia in cattle
inadequate feed intake
often secondary to hypocalcaemia
List 5 clinical signs of hypophosphatasaemia in cattle
Recumbency
Red urine due to haemoglobinuria
Poor growth rates and/or weight loss
weakness
dull demeanor
Describe how hypophosphatemia in cattle diagnosed
Biochemistry
Describe how hypophosphataemia in cattle treated
oral administration of phosphate salts
providing feed with adequate phosphorus
blood transfusion if required
often concurrent treatment for hypocalcaemia
How can hypophosphataemia in cattle be prevented?
ensuring sufficient feed intake with adequate phosphorus content specifically transition diet
List 3 sucking lice in the UK can cause anaemia with high infestation in cattle?
Linognathus vituli
Solenopotes capillatus
Haematopinus eurysternus
List 4 clinical signs associated with lice infestation in cattle
Pruritus
Hair loss
reduced weight gain
Signs associated with anaemia in severe infestations: ill thrift, weakness, poor MM colour
