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3- FA- Cardiorespiratory disease > Respiratory disease in cattle workshop > Flashcards

Respiratory disease in cattle workshop Flashcards

1
Q

What is shipping fever

A

Occurs in groups of animals post weaning 6m-2yr
common after stress- e.g. after transport, mixing groups, sudden diet change

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2
Q

What pathogen commonly causes shipping fever

A

Mannheimia haemolytica

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3
Q

What causes ‘husk’

A

= Cattle lungworm
Dictyocaulus viviparus

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4
Q

List 5 examples of viral causes of bovine respiratory disease

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
Parainfluenza 3 (PI3)
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)
Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF)

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5
Q

List 5 examples of bacterial causes of bovine respiratory disease

A

Mycoplasma bovis
Mannheimia haemolytica
Pasturella multocida
TB (mycobacteria)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

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6
Q

List 3 management factors that could cause bovine respiratory disease

A

Stocking density
Ventilation
Colostrum management

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7
Q

What causes IBR

A

bovine herpes virus 1

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8
Q

Describe the epidemiology of IBR

A

spread via aerosol - direct contact or shared air space
10-20 day incubation period
latency and infected for life
recrudescence with stress

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9
Q

what aged cows are mainly affected by IBR

A

growing age groups 6-24 months

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10
Q

List the main clinical signs of IBR

A

conjunctivits
watery eyes
milk drop
pyrexia (40C)
nasal discharge
hyperpnoea - taking deeper bretahs than normal

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11
Q

List some reproductive signs of IBR

A

decreased fertility
abortion - up to 100 days after resp signs
genital lesions (warts)

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12
Q

Describe how to diagnose IBR

A

Bulk milk antibody test
serology
nasal/conjunctival swabs for PCR

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13
Q

What clinical signs are different for IBR compared to MCF

A

No mouth/ nasal lesions or keratitis

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14
Q

What is the main control measure for IBR

A

Vaccinate to control clinical signs
(convential or marker vaccine)
live vs attenuated

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15
Q

what is required for accredited free IBR scheme

A

2 qualifying tests and regular monitoring (milk/blood)
required double fencing

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16
Q

What is required for vaccinated monitored free IBR accreditation

A

2 qualifying tests and regular monitoring (milk/blood)
vaccinate with marker vaccine
no double fencing needed

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17
Q

List 3 benefits of a accreditation free scheme for IBR

A

export trade
reduced disease/ impact of disease on farm
pedigree animals

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18
Q

Why are marker vaccines useful for IBR control

A

Differentiate vaccinated from infected, useful to eradicate disease

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19
Q

what are the benefits of a live vaccine over inactivated

A

rapid protection, especially when given intranasally
evidence that it is more effective
better in response to acute outbreak

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20
Q

If you had a dairy herd with a high bulk milk Ab for IBR but no clinical signs would you be more likely to use Live or inactivated vaccine

A

Inactivated
some evidence that it reduces shedding in latently infected animals

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21
Q

Describe RSV

A

Mainly affects calves
incubation= 2-5 days
pathology= necrotising bronchiolitis and interstitial pneumonia

22
Q

Decribe PI3

A

mainly affects younger calves
highly contagious
more likely in stressed animals

23
Q

What is the aetiology of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)

A

Ovine herpes virus 2 which sheep carry without clinical disease
stress may increase shedding by sheep

24
Q

How does MCF spread

A

aerosol, direct contact, contaminated feed/ water/ bedding

25
Q

T/F cattle can spread MCF to other cattle

A

False
can only get it from sheep

26
Q

List the clinical signs of MCF

A

pyrexia
enlarged lymph nodes
mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge
corneal opacity
sloughing of oral and nasal mucosa (very characteristic)

27
Q

what is the treatment for MCF

A

no licensed treatment or vaccine
almost always fatal- euthanasia only option

28
Q

List 4 reservoirs for bovine TB

A

badgers
deer
ferrets
infected cattle

29
Q

What are the main routes of infection for Bovine TB

A

ingestion or inhalation

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of bovine TB

A

hardly ever seen due to testing regimes
soft productive cough
weight loss
LN enlargement

31
Q

List the ways in which bovine TB can be tested for

A

SICCT skin testing
Blood testing (IFN gamma or antibody test)
Post mortem

32
Q

What causes contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

A

Mycoplasma mycoides - bacterium

33
Q

Where is CBPP generally seen

A

africa
eradicated from UK but is notifiable

34
Q

What are the clinical signs of CBPP

A

pyrexia
increased resp rate and effort
weight loss
polyarthritis may be seen in affected calves

35
Q

What are the clinical signs of mycoplasma bovis

A

chronic pneumonia
head tilt
head shake
arthritis
mastitis

36
Q

How is mycoplasma bovis transmitted

A

shed in resp surface secretions
can be transmitted by aerosols
forms biofilm so can survive in environment well

37
Q

How can mycoplasma bovis be diagnosed

A

serology/ PM (joint tap/milk)

38
Q

Name an antibiotic you can’t use to treat a mycoplasma bovis infection and why

A

Penicillin- as mycoplasma does not have a cell wall which is what penicillin affects to kill the bacteria

39
Q

How can mycoplasma be treated and why

A

Oxytetracycline as they don’t have a cell wall

40
Q

Name 2 commensals of the URT in cattle

A

Mannheimia haemolytica
Pasteurella multocida

41
Q

Describe M. haemolytica

A

gram -ve aerobic bacteria
involved in sporadic cases or outbreaks
Most commonly confirmed in suckler cows
can be primary or secondary invader

42
Q

Describe P. multocida

A

gram -ve aerobic bacteria
more commonly isolated from calves
may be involved in sporadic cases or outbreaks

43
Q

What causes Fog fever

A

typically causes disease when cattle move from sparse to lush, high protein pasture
L-tryptophan is ingested and converted into 3-methylindole which is pneumotoxic

44
Q

Describe the clinical signs of fog fever

A

affected animals show severe respiratory distress without coughing
high mortality and animals often found dead

45
Q

How to prevent fog fever

A

introduce cows to lush pasture slowly/ grazing pasture before it gets too lush
graze youngstock rather than adults on lush pasture

46
Q

which lung lobe is generally the worst affected in pneumonia

A

cranio-ventral lung lobes

47
Q

List some advantages and disadvantages of nasal swabs as diagnostic test for pneumonia

A

+ve
rapid test results
multiple animals can be sampled
-ve
viral infections are transient
bacterial isolates from some samples are dubious due to commensals

48
Q

List some advantages and disadvantages of serology as diagnostic for pneumonia

A

+ves
High sensitivity as most respiratory pathogens induce a strong antibody response.
Less time-dependent as it can be effective in the relatively late stage of the disease
-ves
results are not available for >3 weeks
testing multiple samples can be expensive

49
Q

List some advantages and disadvantages of PM examination as diagnostic method of pneumonia

A

+ves
Comprehensive and robust investigation
Easy to sample the lung and trachea and are ideal sites for sampling for further tests
-ves
*Diagnosis may be based on a few animals
Animals that die may not be representative of the herd problem

50
Q

How can thoracic ultrasound be used in cases of pneumonia

A

Increasing the reliability of BRD diagnosis, especially in cases where there are few other clinical signs
Assessing recovery post treatment
Assessing the diagnostic ability of farm staff
Detecting calves in the early stages of disease
Ruling out chronic BRD in cases of poor growth rates and ill thrift.

51
Q

Describe how to treat bovine respiratory disease

A

NSAIDs
Antibiotics e.g. Oxytetracycline, Amoxicillin
Electrolytes- help with dehydration
TLC

3- FA- Cardiorespiratory disease (14 decks)

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