Respiratory disease in cattle workshop Flashcards by Helen West

What is shipping fever

Occurs in groups of animals post weaning 6m-2yr
common after stress- e.g. after transport, mixing groups, sudden diet change

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What pathogen commonly causes shipping fever

Mannheimia haemolytica

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What causes ‘husk’

= Cattle lungworm
Dictyocaulus viviparus

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List 5 examples of viral causes of bovine respiratory disease

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
Parainfluenza 3 (PI3)
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)
Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF)

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List 5 examples of bacterial causes of bovine respiratory disease

Mycoplasma bovis
Mannheimia haemolytica
Pasturella multocida
TB (mycobacteria)
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

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List 3 management factors that could cause bovine respiratory disease

Stocking density
Ventilation
Colostrum management

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What causes IBR

bovine herpes virus 1

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Describe the epidemiology of IBR

spread via aerosol - direct contact or shared air space
10-20 day incubation period
latency and infected for life
recrudescence with stress

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what aged cows are mainly affected by IBR

growing age groups 6-24 months

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List the main clinical signs of IBR

conjunctivits
watery eyes
milk drop
pyrexia (40C)
nasal discharge
hyperpnoea - taking deeper bretahs than normal

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List some reproductive signs of IBR

decreased fertility
abortion - up to 100 days after resp signs
genital lesions (warts)

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Describe how to diagnose IBR

Bulk milk antibody test
serology
nasal/conjunctival swabs for PCR

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What clinical signs are different for IBR compared to MCF

No mouth/ nasal lesions or keratitis

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What is the main control measure for IBR

Vaccinate to control clinical signs
(convential or marker vaccine)
live vs attenuated

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what is required for accredited free IBR scheme

2 qualifying tests and regular monitoring (milk/blood)
required double fencing

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What is required for vaccinated monitored free IBR accreditation

2 qualifying tests and regular monitoring (milk/blood)
vaccinate with marker vaccine
no double fencing needed

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List 3 benefits of a accreditation free scheme for IBR

export trade
reduced disease/ impact of disease on farm
pedigree animals

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Why are marker vaccines useful for IBR control

Differentiate vaccinated from infected, useful to eradicate disease

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what are the benefits of a live vaccine over inactivated

rapid protection, especially when given intranasally
evidence that it is more effective
better in response to acute outbreak

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If you had a dairy herd with a high bulk milk Ab for IBR but no clinical signs would you be more likely to use Live or inactivated vaccine

Inactivated
some evidence that it reduces shedding in latently infected animals

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Describe RSV

Mainly affects calves
incubation= 2-5 days
pathology= necrotising bronchiolitis and interstitial pneumonia

Decribe PI3

mainly affects younger calves
highly contagious
more likely in stressed animals

What is the aetiology of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)

Ovine herpes virus 2 which sheep carry without clinical disease
stress may increase shedding by sheep

How does MCF spread

aerosol, direct contact, contaminated feed/ water/ bedding

T/F cattle can spread MCF to other cattle

False can only get it from sheep

List the clinical signs of MCF

pyrexia enlarged lymph nodes mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge corneal opacity sloughing of oral and nasal mucosa (very characteristic)

what is the treatment for MCF

no licensed treatment or vaccine almost always fatal- euthanasia only option

List 4 reservoirs for bovine TB

badgers deer ferrets infected cattle

What are the main routes of infection for Bovine TB

ingestion or inhalation

What are the clinical signs of bovine TB

hardly ever seen due to testing regimes soft productive cough weight loss LN enlargement

List the ways in which bovine TB can be tested for

SICCT skin testing Blood testing (IFN gamma or antibody test) Post mortem

What causes contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

Mycoplasma mycoides - bacterium

Where is CBPP generally seen

africa eradicated from UK but is notifiable

What are the clinical signs of CBPP

pyrexia increased resp rate and effort weight loss polyarthritis may be seen in affected calves

What are the clinical signs of mycoplasma bovis

chronic pneumonia head tilt head shake arthritis mastitis

How is mycoplasma bovis transmitted

shed in resp surface secretions can be transmitted by aerosols forms biofilm so can survive in environment well

How can mycoplasma bovis be diagnosed

serology/ PM (joint tap/milk)

Name an antibiotic you can't use to treat a mycoplasma bovis infection and why

Penicillin- as mycoplasma does not have a cell wall which is what penicillin affects to kill the bacteria

How can mycoplasma be treated and why

Oxytetracycline as they don't have a cell wall

Name 2 commensals of the URT in cattle

Mannheimia haemolytica Pasteurella multocida

Describe M. haemolytica

gram -ve aerobic bacteria involved in sporadic cases or outbreaks Most commonly confirmed in suckler cows can be primary or secondary invader

Describe P. multocida

gram -ve aerobic bacteria more commonly isolated from calves may be involved in sporadic cases or outbreaks

What causes Fog fever

typically causes disease when cattle move from sparse to lush, high protein pasture L-tryptophan is ingested and converted into 3-methylindole which is pneumotoxic

Describe the clinical signs of fog fever

affected animals show severe respiratory distress without coughing high mortality and animals often found dead

How to prevent fog fever

introduce cows to lush pasture slowly/ grazing pasture before it gets too lush graze youngstock rather than adults on lush pasture

which lung lobe is generally the worst affected in pneumonia

cranio-ventral lung lobes

List some advantages and disadvantages of nasal swabs as diagnostic test for pneumonia

+ve rapid test results multiple animals can be sampled -ve viral infections are transient bacterial isolates from some samples are dubious due to commensals

List some advantages and disadvantages of serology as diagnostic for pneumonia

+ves High sensitivity as most respiratory pathogens induce a strong antibody response. Less time-dependent as it can be effective in the relatively late stage of the disease -ves results are not available for >3 weeks testing multiple samples can be expensive

List some advantages and disadvantages of PM examination as diagnostic method of pneumonia

+ves Comprehensive and robust investigation Easy to sample the lung and trachea and are ideal sites for sampling for further tests -ves *Diagnosis may be based on a few animals Animals that die may not be representative of the herd problem

How can thoracic ultrasound be used in cases of pneumonia

Increasing the reliability of BRD diagnosis, especially in cases where there are few other clinical signs Assessing recovery post treatment Assessing the diagnostic ability of farm staff Detecting calves in the early stages of disease Ruling out chronic BRD in cases of poor growth rates and ill thrift.

Describe how to treat bovine respiratory disease

NSAIDs Antibiotics e.g. Oxytetracycline, Amoxicillin Electrolytes- help with dehydration TLC