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CPR Exam 2 > Respiratory Control Rhythmogenesis - Karius > Flashcards

Respiratory Control Rhythmogenesis - Karius Flashcards

1
Q

Hypoxia

A

low O2 in the blood

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2
Q

Apnea

A

stuck in expiration

  • damage to medullary or spinal area
  • immediate high CO2, H+, low O2
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3
Q

Hypoventilation

A

high CO2, causing more rapid breathing

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4
Q

Rate of breathing is determines by what calculation

A

Ve = f x TV

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5
Q

active phrenic nerve causes

A

inhalation

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6
Q

DRG location

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group

Part of Nucleus Solitarius

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7
Q

DRG function

A

Pattern Generator for depth in TV

= gets sensory input from skin and world and phrenic N activates diaphragm for depth in breathing

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8
Q

VRG location

A

Ventral Respiratory Group

Nucleus Abiguous and Retreo Amigualis

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9
Q

VRG Function

A

Pattern generator also for TV
sends signal to the inhalation and exhalation muscles for depth of breathing
ROSTRAL part = to inhalation muscles motor neurons
CAUDAL part = to exhalation muscles motor neurons

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10
Q

PRG location

A

MORE rostral to the Botzinger complex

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11
Q

PRG function

A

ENDING inspiration
LESION = APNEUSIS
*has some role in timing of breathing (ending inspiration faster = higher frequency)

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12
Q

Pre-Botzinger complex location

A

Rostral to the VRG

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13
Q

Pre-Botzinger complex function

A

RHYTHM of breathing = FREQUENCY

  • part of central pattern generator (core rhythm)
  • very important in infants
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14
Q

what medullary complex is activated first

A
  1. the Pre-Botzinger setting frequency + PRG (stop inhalation also involved in f indirectly
  2. then the VRG/DRG for TV depth of breathing
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15
Q

Apneusis

A 
cant stop inspiration 
stuck in inspiration 
*phrenic nerve never turns off
- due to pontine damage
- slight delay, however then high CO2, H+, and low O2
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16
Q

what nerve does the PRG use to turn of phrenic nerve (inspiration)

A

CX 10

it can also on its own

17
Q

tachypnea

A

rapid and shallow breathing

* that and dry cough are signs or pulmonary edema

18
Q

what do chemoreceptors detect

A

low O2, high CO2 and H+

19
Q

Central Chemoreceptors
location
activated by
causes what end goal

A
  1. VENTRAL, lateral of medulla
  2. PaCO2 (crossed into the CSF)
  3. increase firing of the Pre-Botzinger + DRG/VRG to increase f and TV of breathing
    = DRIVE TO BREATH
20
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors
location
activated by
causes what end goal

A
  1. CAROTID BODY, Aortic Arch sinus
  2. PaCO2, PHa, PaO2
  3. increase firing of Pre-Botzinger + DRG/VRG to increase f and TV of breathing
    = DETECT CHANGE IN BREATHING
21
Q

3 types of mechanoreceptors

A
  1. slow adapting
  2. Rapidly Adapting
  3. J- receptors
22
Q 
Slow adapting Receptors : 
location
activated by 
end goal
purpose for existing
A
  1. Airways
  2. stretch of the bronchioles or airway
  3. STOP inhalation and start expiration
    (PRG)
  4. babies for normal breathing
    adults during exercise
23
Q 
Rapidly adapting Receptors : 
location
activated by 
end goal
purpose for existing
A
  1. Airways
  2. irritation
  3. mucous cough
  4. protect the airway
24
Q 
J Receptors : 
location
activated by 
end goal
purpose for existing
A
  1. Alveoli
  2. pulmonary edema
  3. tachypnea (pre-Botz. + DRG/VRG) AND DRY COUGH
  4. protect respiratory circuit
25
Q

cortical control of breathing happens when

and how is this done

A

while talking or holding breath for example

the cortex sends signal directly to the MUSCLES for respiration (BYPASS THE medulla + pons)

26
Q

central pattern receptors

A

Pre-Betz, DRG, VRG, PRG

27
Q

what do standard neurons do if low O2 or high CO2 or high H+

A

Decreasing firing rate
= causes Respiratory rate (minute ventilation rate) to decrease
= causing more lowering O2 and highering of CO2,H+

28
Q

what prevents the + feedback loop that the standard neurons create

A

Chemoreceptors that —-I lowering of respiration rate

= increase firing rate to increase breathing rate

29
Q

how do central chemoreceptors work

the steps in the function

A
  1. tissues make CO2 + ATP from fuel
  2. CO2 is carried as HCO-3 is the arterial system
  3. CO2 can cross the BBB into the CSF
  4. it converts back CO2 + H2O –> HCO-3 + H+
  5. the PaCO2 is sensed by the ventral medulla central chemoreceptors (when PaCO2 > 40mmHg)
  6. central chemoreceptors fire —->
    - Pre-Betz. (increase f)
    - DRG/VRG (sends Phrenic N to diaphragm to increase TV)
30
Q

how do peripheral chemoreceptors work

the steps in the function

A
  1. they are located in sinusoids that are in the carotid body and some in aortic arch (SENSE LOW O2, and also high CO2,H+)
  2. low O2 causes increased ROS, Lactic acid, and low ATP
  3. K+ leak channels SHUT DOWN
  4. peripheral chemoreceptors DEPOLARIZE
  5. LCAT channels open (CA influx)
  6. more depolarization —-> release DOPAMINE
  7. activates the CN 9
  8. increase firing to Pre-Betz + DRG/VRG
    = increased VC
31
Q

Sinusoids are composed of what 3 things

A
  1. LOTS OF BLOOD (to bring O2,CO2,H+ levels)
  2. Type 1 cells : gomus cells = sense the O2, CO2, H+ levels = PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS
  3. Type 2 cells : sustentacular cells
32
Q

what kind of receptors are mechanical receptors

A

Pulmonary Stretch Receptors

33
Q

purpose of the mechanical receptros

A

the CPG about LUNG VOLUME and how fast it is changing (using the pulmonary stretch receptors)

34
Q

step by step function of the slow adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

A
  1. sense stretch in the airway from inhalation
  2. CN 10 fires —-> all over respiratory centers (CPG *PRG)
  3. STOP INHALATION , START expiration
    (Hering-Breuer reflex)
35
Q

step by step function of the Rapidly adapting Pulmonary stretch receptors

A
  1. sense irritation in the airway
  2. CN 10 fires to CPG medulla
  3. mucous coughing
36
Q

step by step function of the Juxtaglomerular (J) receptors

A
  1. senses pulmonary edema irritation on the alveolar capillaries
  2. activate CN 10 firing to CPG medulla
  3. dry coughing + tachypnea
  4. increases interpleural P

CPR Exam 2 (22 decks)

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