Renal Embryology - Dennis

Question 1

kidneys and gonads come from what

Answer 1

intermediate mesenchyme (mesoderm)

Question 2

urogenital ridge comes from what and forms what

Answer 2

each side of the dorsal aorta

forms the nephrogenic cord which makes the pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

Question 3

when do the pronephros come and where

Answer 3

week 4

cervical region running caudally into the cloaca

Question 4

pronephros degenerates when and what stays

Answer 4

day 24-25

pronephric duct stays to make mesonephros

Question 5

when do mesonephros come and where

Answer 5

late week 4
caudal to pronephros
has ducts and then tubules

Question 6

what do mesonephric ducts and tubules make

Answer 6

tubules connect to the vesicle become renal corpuscles = glomerular capsule

Question 7

when do mesonephros function as kidney and when does it degenerate

Answer 7

week 6-10 (for baby)
degenerates in females week 12
becomes efferent ductule in makes week 12
trigone of bladder part is the only part that stays

Question 8

when does the metanephros come and where and 2 parts to it

Answer 8

week 5
caudally to mesonephric duct
1. causes mesonephric duct to make ureteric bud
2. metanephric blastema forms around the bud

Question 9

ureteric bud is from what

Answer 9

mesonephric duct

Question 10

metanephric blastema is from what

Answer 10

nephrogenic cord

Question 11

when is the metanephros a functional kidney

Answer 11

week 9-10

Question 12

how does the renal pelvis form

Answer 12

the ureteric bud elongates and penetrates the blastema

Question 13

things that come from ureteric bud

Answer 13

ureter, renal pelvis, minor and major calices, CD*

Question 14

things that come from the blastoma

Answer 14

PT, LOH, DCT, glomerular capsule

Question 15

how do the blastema form its parts

Answer 15

1. vesicle forms under the ureteric bud
2. vesicle elongates = metanephric tubules
3. end of tubule forms glomerular capsule (proximal)
4. distal end of tubule becomes DCT

Question 16

where are the permanent kidneys in the body and how do they move

Answer 16

they ascend indirectly by everything else in the embryo descending WEEK 9

Question 17

how does the vasculature form in the developing permanent kidney

Answer 17

1. hilum rotates medially 90 degrees
2. BV from common iliac
3. as kidney ascends the BVs degenerate and BVs from ABD aorta =renal arteries

Question 18

when do suprarenal glands form

Answer 18

after kidney has ascended week 9

Question 19

Accessory Renal Vessels

Answer 19

more then one renal artery (25% of people)
can obstruct ureter and = hydronephrosis
** need to be cautious in surgery, if ligated or damaged can cause ischemia)

Question 20

Unilateral Renal Agenesis

Answer 20

usually asymptomatic
embryo has one umbilical artery, umbilical bud does not form on one side
(can cause oligohydrominos)

Question 21

Bilateral Renal Agenesis

Answer 21

oligohydramnios

pulmonary hypoplasia, clubbed feet and hands, Potters syndrome

Question 22

Ureter Duplications

Answer 22

ureteric bud divides abnormally
more then 1 ureter
if complete = both kidneys have 2 ureters or bifid

Question 23

Horseshoe Kidney

Answer 23

inferior pole of kidney where isthmus is is connected on the back = 1 kidney

• usually asymptomatic
• can cause X ascending of kidney due to it getting stuck on the IMA
• can be issue in pregnancy

Question 24

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Answer 24

mutation in PKHD1
cysts in both kidneys and many
renal insufficiency
25 % come from pulmonary hypoplasia

Question 25

Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney

Answer 25

cysts (dilated LOH) on usually only one kidney and not as many
not as severe

Question 26

where is the urogenital sinus and anorectal canal

Answer 26

ventral cloaca

Question 27

what separates the urogenital sinus and anorectal canal

Answer 27

urorectal septum

Question 28

3 parts of urogenital sinus

Answer 28

1. Vesical part : bladder
2. Pelvic part : urethra
3. Phallic part : vagina and spongy urethra

Question 29

how does the bladder form as attaches to ureter and urethra

Answer 29

1. mesonephric duct incorporates to posterior wall
2. it extends to urethra and ureter
3. it forms trigone

Question 30

how is the medial umbilical lig formed

Answer 30

1. the allantois is connected to bladder
2. constricts and becomes urachus
3. connects to umbilicus from apex of bladder
4. forms fibrous tissue closing the tube
5. MUL

Question 31

epithelium of bladder

Answer 31

endoderm (urogenital sinus)

Question 32

submucosa and muscularis of bladder

Answer 32

splanchnic mesoderm

Question 33

Trigone of bladder

Answer 33

intermediate mesoderm (mesonephric ducts)

Question 34

Exstrophy of bladder

Answer 34

week 4 problem when bladder folds and is inverted

mucosa is exposed out into amniotic fluid and makes posterior wall of bladder red

Question 35

Epispadias

Answer 35

urethra opens on dorsum of genital tubercle (males)

Question 36

urachal cysts

Answer 36

remanent of urachal epithelial lining in some part

= can get enlarged and inflamed

Question 37

Urachal sinus

Answer 37

end part of urachus remains unclosed by fibrous tissue

and urine can at times discharge out from umbillicus

Question 38

urachal fistula

Answer 38

entire urachus is open and no fibrous tissue

urine can escape from umbilicus

Question 39

medulla of suprarenal gland

Answer 39

chromaffin cells : NE and E

Question 40

cortex of suprarenal glands

Answer 40

Zona Glomerulosa : mineralocorticoids
Zone Fasiculata : glucocorticoids
Zone Reticularis : Sex

Question 41

medulla of SRG forms from

Answer 41

NCC —-> middle of the developing fetal cortex

Question 42

Fetal Cortex of SRG forms from

Answer 42

coelmic epithelium entering surrounding mesoderm on the urogenital ridge

Question 43

fetal cortex degenerates when

Answer 43

2nd month

and adult cortex forms with all the layers

Question 44

fetal cortex secretes what

Answer 44

DHEA —-> placenta converts it to Estradiol = for pregnancy health
ACTH and glucocorticoids (also in adults)