Respiratory Control

Question 1

What are the names of the 4 major respiratory centers in the brainstem, of which have independent and overlapping roles in respiratory control?

Answer 1

Pre-Botzingers Complex

Pontine Respiratory Group

Dorsal Respiratory Group

Ventral Respiratory Group

Question 2

Which of the following respiratory centers has a role in rhythm production or in other words is concerened with frequency/timing of the breath?

A. Pre-Botzingers Complex

B. Pointine Repiratory Group

C. Dorsal Respiratory Group

D. Ventral Respiratory Group

Answer 2

Pre-Botzingers Complex

NOTE: strongest influence is in infants, and decreases with age

Question 3

Which of the following respiratory centers is involved with frequency and timing of respiration in respect to turning off inspiration?

A. Pre-Botzingers Complex

B. Pontine Repiratory Group

C. Dorsal Respiratory Group

D. Ventral Respiratory Group

Answer 3

Pontine Repiratory Group

Question 4

A lesion at which of the following structures would result in Apneusis where we get ‘stuck’ in inspiration without additional sensory information from the Vagus N.?

A. Pre-Botzingers Complex

B. Pontine Repiratory Group

C. Dorsal Respiratory Group

D. Ventral Respiratory Group

Answer 4

Pontine Repiratory Group

Question 5

Which of the following sends 95% of its premotor neurons to the Phrenic N. to trigger a breath pattern that’s appropriate for the circumstances?

A. Pre-Botzingers Complex

B. Pontine Repiratory Group

C. Dorsal Respiratory Group

D. Ventral Respiratory Group

Answer 5

Dorsal Respiratory Group

Question 6

The Ventral REspiratory Group is divided into a rostral and caudal group. Where do they send their premotor signalling?

Answer 6

Rostral: phrenic N. and inspiratory muscles

Caudal: upper airwats and expiratory muscles

Question 7

What’s the difference between APnea and Apneusis?

Answer 7

Apneusis is a result of damage to the Pns and Apnea is caused by damage to the medulla or spinal cord. While both result in death w/out suppoty and allow us ot see increase in CO2 and decrease in O2.

Apnea: no respiration

Apneusis: stuck in inspiration

Question 8

Which of the following is true of chemoreceptors related to respiration vs. the rest of the system?

A. Decrease in metabolites cause a decrease in firing rate

B. Increase in metabolities cause an increase in firing rate

C. Decrease in metabolites cause an increase in firing rate

D. None of the above

Answer 8

Decrease in metabolites cause an increase in firing rate

Question 9

Which of the following structures is the most ventrally located structure in the medulla?

A. Caudal Ventral Respiratory Group

B. Dorsal Respiratory Group

C. Rostral Ventral Respiratory Grou[

D. Central Chemoreceptors

Answer 9

Central Chemoreceptors

Question 10

The following mechanoreceptors act to influence Tidal Volume and sends fibers back to the brain via the Vagus N.. Which of them are located near blood vessels of the alveoli and activation triggers cough or techypnea?

A. Slow adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

B. Rapid Adapting Pulmonary Stretch Receptors

C. Juxtacapillary (J) Receptors

D. None of the above

Answer 10

Juxtacapillary (J) Receptors

Question 11

The following mechanoreceptors act to influence Tidal Volume and sends fibers back to the brain via the Vagus N.. Which of them mediates protective reflexes that override the normal respiratory control to protect alveoli and cause a cough effect with exposure to irritation, stretch, or foreign bodies?

A. Slow adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

B. Rapid Adapting Pulmonary Stretch Receptors

C. Juxtacapillary (J) Receptors

D. None of the above

Answer 11

Rapid Adapting Pulmonary Stretch Receptors

Question 12

The following mechanoreceptors act to influence Tidal Volume and sends fibers back to the brain via the Vagus N.. Which of them are activated to protect the lungs and primarily influence Tidal Volume by inhibiting inspiration and prolonging expiration?

A. Slow adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

B. Rapid Adapting Pulmonary Stretch Receptors

C. Juxtacapillary (J) Receptors

D. None of the above

Answer 12

Slow adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

Question 13

What brain structure can bypass medullary centers and send input directly to respiratory muscles to perform activities like talking or holding your breath?

Answer 13

The Cortex

Question 14

Which of the following is the neurotransmitter of choice for peripheral chemorecptors, which especially target the Pre-Botzingers Complex?

A. Dopamine

B. Epinephrine

C. Norepinephrine

D. Glutamate

Answer 14

Dopamine