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CP Exam 1 > Respiratory Control > Flashcards

Respiratory Control Flashcards

1
Q

When it comes to breathing, what does the brain control?

A
  1. Frequency of breathing
  2. Pattern of breathing (depth of breathing)
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2
Q

PA is what?

A

alveolar blood pressure

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3
Q

Pa is what?

A

Arterial BP

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4
Q

What is the controller of our respiratory control?

A

Medullary centers

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5
Q

What are the effectors of our respiratory control?

A

Skeletal muscle

-Diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, internal intercostal m, abdominal m.

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6
Q

The effectors are regulated by what?

A

Controlled variables

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7
Q

Medullary centers control—> _________, which are regulated by _________. Changes are then determined by our ________ and sent to _________.

A

Medullary centers control effectors, which are regulated by our controlled variables. Changes are then picked up by our sensors and then sent back to the medullar centers.

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8
Q

What are our respiratory medullary centers?

A
  1. DRG- dorsal respiratory group
  2. VRG- ventral respiratory group
  3. PRG- pontine respiratory group
  4. Botzinger complex

5. Pre-botzinger complex.

—–All are bilateral——

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9
Q

Where is our VRG (ventral respiratory group) located?

What type of neurons does it consist of?

A

Located medullary: run from the begining of brain stem–> pons.

Consists of inspiratory and expiratory neurons .

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10
Q

Where is the DRG located and what type of neurons does our DRG consist of?

A

-Medullary

Inspiratory neurons

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11
Q

Where is the PRG located?

What type of neurons do our PRG consist of?

A

- Pons

-IE neurons

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12
Q

Where is the Botzinger complex located?

What type of neurons does it consist of?

A

it sits on top of the VRG

E neurons (expiratory neurons)

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13
Q

Where is the pre-betztinger complex located?

A

Medullary: between the rostral end of the VRG and the Botzinger complex.

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14
Q

What is the most important medullary respiratory center?

A

Pre-botzinger complex.

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15
Q

When we look at the respiratory control center, what must the brain determine?

A
  1. Timing (frequency of breathing)
  2. Depth of breathing (do we need to increase or decrease depth of breathing)

& convey these signals —> motor neurons.

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16
Q

What areas determine our frequency (timing of breathing)? What is their role?

A

Pre-botzinger–> generates our core rhythm

PRG–> controls how long we inspire for (activity –> turns off inspiration)

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17
Q

Another name for the pre-betzinger complex is what?

A

Central pattern generator

(generates our pattern of breathing)

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18
Q

Is the pre-botzinger region the only region that plays a role in determining the frequency of breathing?

A

No.

But in bbs and fetuses, it is the most important.

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19
Q

In determing the frequency of breathing, what factors are important?

A
  1. Determine how long inspiration and expiration are.
  2. Transition from expiration and inspiration
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20
Q

Damage of the pontine respiratory group (PRG) causes?

A

A problem with the transition of breathing called apneusis.

Apneusis–> we cannot turn off inspiration without activating our vagus nerve. Thus, we are stuck in apneusis.

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21
Q

Apneusis occurs when there is damage to the PRG and we are stuck in inspiration. How do we stop this?

A

Activate the vagus nerve.

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22
Q

What is the role of the PRG?

A

It determines the length of inspiration, under normal conditions.

23
Q

So; what determines the timing (frequency of breathing)?

A
  1. Pre-botzinger complex
  2. PRG
24
Q

What determines the depth (pattern) of breathing?

A
  1. VRG- depth
  2. DRG- depth of breathing (tidal volume)
25
Q

Role of the DRG

A
  • Controls depth of breathing (tidal volume)
  • 95 of pre-motor neurons in the DRG sends sensory information –>
  • phrenic nucleus* in the spinal cord–>

+ phrenic N motor neurons –>

CONTROL PATTERN OF BREATHING (ex. slow, deep breath, etc).

26
Q

Role of VRG

A

Rostral part of VRG fire during inspiration; premotor neurons–> inspiratory muscles* and phrenic n-

Caudal part of the VRG will fire during expiration; premotor neuons –> upper airway and expiratory muscles

27
Q

Name this disorder:

  • Appearance: Maintain inspiratory discharge
  • Results from:* pontine damage
  • Effects*: Increase in CO2, decrease in O2;
A

Apneusis

28
Q

What effects will we see with apneusis?

A

Increase CO2

Decrease O2

29
Q

What is apnea?

  • Appearance
  • Results from
  • Effects
A

Appearance- No respiratory effort (no inspiration)

Results from- damage from medullary or spinal cord

Effects: increase CO2 and decrease O2= drop in pH

30
Q

What are our control variables in respiratory control

A

CO2

O2

pHa

31
Q

How can we determine how changes in CO2, O2, pHa will affect respiratory control?

A

Gas exchange

VE= f *VT

32
Q

What are our sensors in respiratory control?

A

Chemoreceptors

33
Q

What is a chemoreceptor?

A

a neuron specific to chemicals: CO2, O2, H+.

Changes in the concentration of these will alter the firing rate of the chemoreceptor.

34
Q

How will a increase in CO2 affect firing?

A

Increase firing

35
Q

How will a decrease in O2 affect firing?

A

Increase firing

36
Q

How will a increase in H+ ions affect firing?

A

Increase firing

37
Q

What is the NORMAL response of a respiratory neuron to an increase in CO2 or a decrease in O2?

A

Shut down: decrease activity and decrease ventillation.

Ex. when a little kid holds in breath, they will pass would

Chemoreceptors act to override this

38
Q

How do chemoreceptors act, compared to our normal respiratory neurons?

A

They are designed to act the exact opposite: they will increase their rate of activatity during hypoxia or hypercapnia.

–> Activate respiratory centers

–> + respiration

39
Q

What are the 2 sets of chemoreceptors?

A
  1. Central chemoreceptors (in the brain)
  2. Peripheral chemoreceptors (in carotid and the aorta)

Each has a different role when controlling ventillation.

40
Q

Central chemoreceptors

  1. Where are they located?
  2. What are they sensitive to?
A
  1. Ventral surface of the medulla
  2. Respond indirectly to changes in Co2 in the blood. They are directly sensitive to H+ because as CO2 crosses the BBB, it reacts with water and carbonic anhydrase to form H+ and HCO3-.

This causes a decrease in pH.

-They make us breathe regularly-

41
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors. Tell me about them

A

2 locations: carotid body and aortic arch. The main ones are located in the carotid body (where dopamine plays an important role). If damaged, the peripheral receptors in the aortic arch werk.

Sensitive to: O2, CO2, H+.

42
Q

Are changes in O2 detected by central chemoreceptors?

A

No

43
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors send signal to?

A

They relay message to the brain and increase firing in pre-botzinger and DRG.

INCREASING f and Vt

44
Q

How do CO2 and pH stimulate central and peripheral chemoreceptors differently?

A

Cause the same response,

but it is quicker than central .

45
Q

Besides our chemoreceptors, what are other sensors?

A

Pulmonary stretch receptors - respond to changes in the lung volume and are mostly concerned with changes in tidal volume

46
Q

Slowly adapting pulmonary receptors

Located:

Sensitive to:

Fibers go to:

Effect:

A

Located: airways

Sensitive to: stretch of the airway (Directly prop to lung volume)

Fibers go to: brain via vagus n.

Effect: inhibit inspiration and prolong expiration

47
Q

Slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors are important for controling respiration (tidal volume) in:

A

Infants (all the time)

Adults during excersise (NOT active at rest)

48
Q

Rapidly adapting pulmonary receptors

Located:

Sensitive to:

Fibers go to:

Effect:

A

Located: airways

Sensitive to: irritation, foreign bodies in the airway, EXCESSIVE stretch

Fibers go to: brain via vagus nerve

Effect: COUGH to get ride of the irritant

IMPORTANT FOR PROTEXTING THE GAS EXCHANGE SURFACES

49
Q

Is cough elicited by the receptors in the larynx the same from this reflex?

A

no.

v. different .

50
Q

J (juxtacapillary) receptors

Located:

Sensitive to:

Fibers go to:

Effect:

A

Located: near BV of alveoli

Sensitive to: pulmonary edema

Fibers go to: brain via vagus nerve

Effect: dry cough, tachypnea

51
Q

Why are RAR and Jreceptors important for survival?

A

They cause PROTECTIVE reflexes that overide the normal respiratory control system.

52
Q

What is our fail safe is something goes wrong with the medullary ?

A

Cortical influences

53
Q

What is the role of cortex on breathing.

A

Control breathing (talking, holding breath).

It bypasses the medullary centers completley and send input DIRECTLY to muscles of respiration.

54
Q

How can we solve for apneusis (damage to our PRG, which causes prolonged expiration)?

A

We want to turn off inspiration. To do so, we want to activate our vagus nerve.

To solve, we want to activate our SLOW-ADAPTING PULMONARY RECEPTORS (inhibit inspiration and prolong expiration).

CP Exam 1 (29 decks)

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