Lecture 2: Lower Resipiratory Tract Flashcards
How many lobes does the L and R lung have?
L lung has 2 lobes (Superior lobe and inferior lobe)
R lung has 3 lobes (Superior lobe, middle lobe and inferior lobe)
How can you distinguish the lungs from one another?
Posterior part is tall and columnar. Anterior side is thin and flappy.
What separates the superior lobe and inferior lobes of the left lung?
Oblique fissure
What are the fissues that are located on the RIGHT lung?
- Olique fissure separates the [superior and middle lobes] from the inferior lobe.
- Horizontal fissure separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe.
Is the cardiac impression bigger on the L lung or R lung?
LEFT
What lung will the
groove for the superior vena cava &
groove for the inferior vena cava
be on?
RIGHT
How we do we identify the
left/right main bronchus,
pulmonary artery
and pulmonary vein
on the mediastinal surface?
Left/right main bronchus--> has cartilage
Pulmonary artery–> thickest wall without cartilage
Pulmonary vein--> thin wall without cartilage
What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?
Recesses can fill with [fluid or air] and pool.
When we inhale, the inferior border of the lungs will go into the costodiaphragmatic recess, which is in between the ribs and thoracic diapragm.
What is the costomediastinal recess?
Recesses can fill with fluid or air and pool.
It is located on the anterior and medial border of the lungs.
Fluid can pool when laying down
Pneumonectomy
Take out the entire lung
Lobectomy
Take out a lobe of the lung
Segmentectomy
Take out a segment of the lung
Pleura of the lungs
- Visceral pleura- aderes to the lungs and goes into the fissues.
- Parietal pleura (4 parts)- adhered to the thoracic wall, mediastimun and the diapragm
What are the 4 parts of the parietal pleura of the lungs?
- Cervical parietal pleura
- Costal parietal pleura
- Diaphragmatic parietal pleura
- Mediatinal parietal pleura
CN: Pleuritis (pleurisy)
Inflammed pleura, producing a roughness on the lungs and making it hard to breathe.
Pneumothorax
Thoracic wall and the parietal pleura is punctured, letting air in breaking the surface tension between the 2 layers of pleura.
The elasticity of the lungs causes them to collapse.
Hydrothorax
Excess fluid, not blood, in the space in between the two pleura. Often caused by pleural effusion
Hemothorax
How is it caused?
Blood in the pleural cavity, usually due to a chest wound.
In these cases, the intercostal vessel or the internal thoracic vessel are often damaged, as opposed to a laceration to the lung.
What is the pleural cavity?
The area in between the visceral and parietal pleura of the lungs
It contains lubricating fluid that reduces friction and creates cohesion of the 2 pleura.
What is the primary bronchi, secondary bronchi and tertiary bronchi?
Primary bronchi- Main bronchi
Secondary bronchi- Lobar bronchi (left has 2 and right has 3)
Tertiary bronchi- Segmental bronchi (segmental bronchi are splits from the lobar bronchi)
Objects that are inhaled are more likely to be caught in what bronchus? Why?
The right bronchus.
Because it is more vertical.
Segmental bronchi will divide into what?
Bronchioles.
Bronchiole dividsion
Segmental bronchus–> divide into conducting bronchile–> divides into terminal bronchiole–> divides into respiratory bronchiole –> alveolus
Where does gas exhange occur?
Alveolus–> primary site for gas exhange.
Some gas exhange does occur at the respiratory bronchiole
CN: Lung cancer
Lung cancer can occur in the actual lung tissue or from the bronchi (brochogenic carncinoma).
It can involve the phrenic nerve, vagus nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve because of how close they are to the lungs.
To treat: pneuonectomy, lobectomy, segmentectomy (remove a specific bronchopulmonary segment) through a procedure called lung resection.
CN: pulmonary collapse
Pulmonary collapse occurs when air enters the pleural cavity and disrupts the surface tension between the 2 layers of pleual.
The elasticity of the lungs causes them to collapse.
What is the alveolar duct?
The end of the alveolus.
It is a functional unit of the lung and the primary site for gas exchange.
CN; What is bronchiole asthma?
Widespread narrowing of the airways due to
- contaction of smooth muscle
- edema of the mucosa
- mucus in the lumen of the bronchi and bronchioles
CN: Bronchoscopy
Insert a bronchoscope into the trachea so that you can see the main bronchi
What is the ridge that separates the L and R primary bronchi?
Carina
Bronchopulmonary segments of the right lung
- Superior lobe: apical, posterior and anterior
- Middle lobe: lateral and medial
- Inferior lobe: superior, anterior basal, medial basal, lateral basal and posterior basal.
Bronchopulmonary segments of the left lung
- Superior lobe- apical, posterior, anterior, superior and inferior
(apical and posterior are usually combined into apicoposterior)
(Superior and inferior are usually combined into lingular)
- Inferior lobe- superior, anterior basal, medial basal, lateral basal, posterior basal
(Anterior basal and medial basal are often combined into anteromedial basal).
What are bronchopulmonary segments, exactly?
They are pryramid shaped segments that are separated by CT septa.
They are supplied by and named for a single segmental bronchus and can be surgically removed.
What is the hilum?
The hilum is on the mediastinal surface and contains our pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, main bronchi and pulmonary ligament.
The ____ border of the lung projects into the costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal recesses
Inferior
