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CP Exam 1 > Neurology Anatomy > Flashcards

Neurology Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the constrictions of the esophagus?

A
  1. Cricopharyngeus M
  2. At the aortic arch
  3. Left bronchus
  4. Esophageal hiatus of the thoracic diaphragm (lower esophageal sphincter)
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2
Q

Right vagus nerve splits into what

A

Posterior vagal trunk–> goes BEHIND the esophagus

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3
Q

Left vagus nerve splits into?

A

Anterior vagal trunk, which goes in FRONT of the esophagus

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4
Q

Where do the anterior and posterior vagal trunks enter?

A

abdomen through hte esophageal hiatus

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5
Q

What nerve roots does the PHRENIC NERVE come off of?

A

anterior rami of C3, 4, 5

KEEP THE DIAPHRAGM ALIVE

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6
Q

Vagus N branches

A

L/R Recurrent Laryngeal N

Posterior and Anterior Vagal trunks

Superior cardiac branch, Middle cardiac branch and the inferior cardiac branch,

Pulmonary branch

Esophageal branch

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7
Q

Where is the phrenic N found?

A

Between the [fibrous pericardium] and [mediastinal parietal pleura]

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8
Q

All of the intercostal nerves are ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR rami of spinal nerves in the thoracic segment?

A

ANTERIOR RAMI

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9
Q

How many intercostal nerves are there?

A

11 pairs

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10
Q

What are the atypical intercostal nerves?1

A

1-2

7-11

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11
Q

What are the three major branches of the intercostal N?

A
  1. Lateral cutaneous branches
  2. muscular branches
  3. Anterior cutaneous branches
  4. Rami communicantes ( to sympathetic trunk)
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12
Q

Atypical intercostal nerves

A

1st one- majority of the anterior ramus of the 1st thoracic spinal nerve joins the brachial plexus

2nd- makes a cutaneous branch that joins a brachial component–> the intercostobrachial nerve (supplies skin and subcutaneous tissue of the armpit-axilla

7-11- as they run around the ribs, they continue past and become thoracoabdominal nerves

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13
Q

Nerve root of intercostal nerves

A

anterior ramus of T1-T11

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14
Q

What would be the 12th intercostal nerve doesn’t have a rib above and below it, so it is just called the ______ nerve.

A

subcostal

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15
Q

What are the typical intercostal N?and what are the branches?

A

Spinal nerves 3-6.

Have

  1. Rami communicantes
  2. Collateral branches
  3. Lateral cutaneous branches - supply skin of the thoracic wall and T4-T6 go to the breast
  4. Anterior cutaneous branches- anterior aspect of the thoracic wall and T4-T6 supply breast
  5. Muscular branches innervates the muscles
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16
Q

The intercostal nerves communicate with the __________ using rami communicantes

A

thoracic sympathetic trunk

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17
Q

Sympathetic NS is considered _________

A

catabolic- fight or flight

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18
Q

Parasympathetic NS is considered __________

A

ANABOLIC

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19
Q

What is the distribution of the parasympathetic innervation?

A

Has limited distribution (head, neck, trunk viscera)

NEVER in the body wall or extremeties

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20
Q

What is the distribution of the sympathetic innervation?

A

EVERYTWHERE.

distributes to all vacular areas of the body; like SWEAT gland and smooth muscle

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21
Q

Most glands (NOT SWEAT) are ______

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

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22
Q

Can the Sympathetic NS affter non-sweat glands glandular secretion?

A

INDIRECTLY, yes.

Through vasoconstriction.

23
Q

Vasoconstriction is ___________ stimulated?

A

SYMPATHETICALLY (except coronary as)

24
Q

Where are the cell bodies for the sympathetic NS found, and what are they called?

A

T1-L2

—-and thus, called—-

THORACOLUMBAR

25
Q

Sympathetic NS

  • Pre-synpatic
  • Post-synaptic.

Which are long and which are short

A

-Pre-synpatic- SHORT

-Post-synaptic- LONG

26
Q

Path of sympathetic pre-synaptic nerves

A
  • CB is located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord, found in T1-L2
  • Anterior root–>
  • Into the anterior ramus–>
  • Quickly exit and enter the PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLIA
27
Q

Why is there only 1 rammus communicantes in regions other than T1-L2?

A

Bc they dont have presynaptic CB that need to communicate with paravertebral ganglia

28
Q

What are the synaptic options for pre-sympathetic ganglia of sympathetic nerves?

A
  1. Presynaptic fibers –> paravertebral ganglia–> synpse with a post-synaptic nerve on the SAME LEVEL–> innvervate an organ via the splanchnic nerve
  2. Presynaptic fibers –> paravertebral ganglia–> ascend or descent to synapse on a post-synaptic neuron ON A DIFF LEVEL. This si why the paravertebral ganglia are all connected
  3. Presynaptic fibers–> pass through the paravertebral ganglia–> exit w/o synapsing–> leave via a ABDOMINOPELVIC SPLANCHNIC N–> 1/4 prevertebral ganglia in abdomen
29
Q

What is a result of option 3

A

We can have pre and post synaptic splanchnic nerves

30
Q

Why are all of the paravertebral ganglia linked together?

A

BEcause the presynaptic neurons of the symapthetic NS can go their the paravertebral ganglia at their level and ascend or descend into a different one

31
Q

Where are the post-synaptic fibers of the sympathetic NS located?

A

In the prevertebral ganglion or the paravertebral ganglion.

32
Q

What are the prevertebral gangia called?

A
  1. Celiac ganglion
  2. Superior mesenteric gangion
  3. Aorticorenal ganglion
  4. Inferior mesenteric ganglion
33
Q

What is the thoracic sympathetic trunk

A

Location of paravertebral ganglia, where presynaptic sympathetic fibers synapse on the the CB of post-synpatic sympathetic fibers

34
Q

Cardiac splanchnic N

A

Presynaptic CB in the lateral horn of the spinal cord at T1-5/6.

Synapse on postynaptic CB in the [cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunks]

35
Q

Pulmonary splanchnic nerves

A

Presynaptic CB located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord at T2-T3 and synapse on post-synpatic CB in the thoracicic smpathetic trunk

36
Q

Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

A

Go from the thoracic sympathetic trunk–> prevertebral ganglia in the abdomen.

These nerves headed to the abdomen are called

GREATER, LESSER AND LEAST

Greater splanchnic nerves–> arise when all nerves combine

37
Q

Spinal roots of Greater splanchinic nerve

what prevertebral ganglion do they go to?

A

T5-T9/10

–> celiac ganglion

38
Q

Lesser splanchnic N spinal roots

what prevertebral ganglion do they go to?

A

T10/11

–> celiac and superior mesenteric ganglion

39
Q

Least splanchnic N spinal roots

what prevertebral ganglion do they go to?

A

T12

–> aorticorenal ganglion

40
Q

What cranial nerves contribue to the parasymapthetic NS?

A

3, 7, 9, 10

S2-S4 (sacral part of the spinal cord)

41
Q

Where are the nerves of the parasympathetic NS called?

A

CRANIOSACRAL

42
Q

What is the presynaptic sacral part of the Parasympathetic NS called?

A

Anterior rami of the sacral spinal nerves, which are called pelvic splanchnic nerves.

43
Q

Parasympathetic NS

Presynaptic fibers are ______

Post-synaptic fibers are _____

A

Presynaptic- long

Post-synaptic- short ( with ganglia on the target organ)

44
Q

Where are the nuclei/ganglia of post-synpatic parasympathetic fibers?

A
  1. Ciliary ganglion
  2. Pterygopalatine ganglion
  3. Otic ganglion
  4. Submandibular ganglion
45
Q

Parasympathetic NS in the thorax is all _____ nerve

A

VAGUS

46
Q

What is the vagus nerve?

A

Presynaptic PARASYMPATHETIC innervation to the lungs, bronchi, pleura, heart and pericardium

47
Q

Branches of the vagus n

A

3 branches to the heart (superior cardiac branch, middle cardiac branch, inferior cardiac branch)

  • Pulmonary branch
  • esophageal branch
48
Q

SYMPATHETIC

  • Location of presynapthic CB
  • Presynaptic Cfibers
  • Post-synaptic CB
  • What do the post-synaptic fibers form?
A
  1. Lateral horn of the spinal cord
  2. Presynaptic cell fibers: anterior root–> anterior ramus–> paravertebral ganglion at the same level or abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves
  3. Paravertebral ganglio nat the same level, different level or prevertebral ganglion
    - Form the thoracic autonomic plexus
49
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC

  • Location of presynapthic CB
  • Presynaptic Cfibers
  • Post-synaptic CB
  • What do the post-synaptic fibers form?
A
  1. Cranial part- brain stem; sacral part: sacral part of the spinal cord
  2. Cranial part: 4 cranial nerves act as the presynaptic cell fibers

Sacral part- presyanptic cell fibers are the pelvic splanchnic nerves

  1. Post synaptic cell bodies: 4 cranial ganglia in the target organ
  2. Post-synpatic fibers form the thoracic autonomic plexus
50
Q

For each plexus, know if it is mixed sympathetic / parasympathetic or not, where each contribution comes from, but not what it does (for this lecture).

A
51
Q

Pulmonary Plexus

Mixed/ sympathetic / parasympathetic

Where does each contribution come from?

A
  1. Sympathetic contribution- Pulmonary splanchnic nerves
  2. Parasympathetic contribution- pulmonary branches of the vagus nerve
52
Q

Cardiac Plexus

Mixed/ sympathetic / parasympathetic

Where does each contribution come from?

A

Mixed: sympathetic and parasympathetic

  1. Sympathetic input- cardiac splanchnic N
  2. Parasympathetic input- Superior, middle and inferior cardiac branches of the vagus n.

Post synaptic fibers terminate near the SA and AV nodes.

53
Q

Aortic Plexus

Mixed/ sympathetic / parasympathetic

Where does each contribution come from?

A

Mixed

Sympathethetic: continous with the superficial cardiac plexus

Parasympathetic contribution: continuouys with the superficial cardiac plexus

—This is more like a conduit

54
Q

Esophageal Plexus

Mixed/ sympathetic / parasympathetic

Where does each contribution come from?

A

Sympathetic Contribution: Greater splanchnic N

Parasympathetic contribution: Esophageal branches of the vagus N

CP Exam 1 (29 decks)

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