Respiratory and circulatory Flashcards
1
Q
millions of tiny sacs on the terminal ends of the bronchioles
A
alveoli
2
Q
abnormal heart rhythms that may be detected by ECG.
A
Arrythmia
3
Q
smaller diameter arteries that eventually decrease into capillaries.
A
Arteriole
4
Q
Receives blood from the veins
A
Atrium
5
Q
alternation of inhalation and exhalation.
A
Breathing
6
Q
tubes coming off the trachea leading to the lungs
A
Bronchi
7
Q
finer tubes branching off the bronchi.
A
Bronchial
8
Q
volume each ventricle pumps per minute.
A
Cardiac Output
9
Q
voice box out going air passes over the vocal cords and causes vibration.
A
larynx
10
Q
hissing sound originating from one defective valve, stream of blood squirts backwards.
A
murmur
11
Q
joint passage for food and air
A
pharynx
12
Q
Location of Gas exchange
A
respiratory surface
13
Q
peacemaker of the heart that controls the heart rate.
A
sinoatrial node
14
Q
windpipe lined by moist epithelial cells
A
trachea
15
Q
tubes that open to the outside to extract air
A
tracheae
16
Q
pumps blood away from the heart
A
ventricle
17
Q
begin the return path to the heart.
A
Venule
18
Q
Gas exchange takes place by
A
diffusion
19
Q
Some organisms use their entire
A
outer skin
20
Q
Skin breathers must live in moist
A
environments
21
Q
Gills have evolved in most
A
aquatic animals
22
Q
Gills are extensions of the epithelium
A
that specialize in gas exchange
23
Q
Cooler air has more
A
oxygen
24
Q
Capillaries are only wide enough to allow a
A
single file line of blood cells to pass through
25
Fish expend most of their energy during
ventilation due to the density of water.
26
Diffusion through the trachea provides enough 02 for
smaller insects
27
Larger insects rely on rhythmic
body movements
28
Alternation of flight muscles
may also ventilate
29
Second to bone structure and legs
lung breathing was of most importance during the evolutionary move to land
30
Some evolutionary hypotheses state that changes in front fins and shoulder girdles
were necessitated by gulping for air.
31
Ancient forms of tetrapod's had
gills and lungs
32
Most amphibians have inefficient lungs and rely on
diffusion across the skin
33
Mammalian lungs are protected by
the ribs.
34
Mucus traps dust, pollen and contaminants
as cilia move it upward to be swallowed.
35
Alveoli are susceptible
to contaminants
36
Blood cells known as macrophages patrol them
and engulf foreign object
37
Too much contamination damages alveoli and is caused by
smoking and pollution.
38
Mainly microscopic particles of carbon coated with toxins
a single drag can expose a person to 4000 chemicals
39
Smokers die about
13-14 years sooner.
40
Smoking affects children through
second hand.
41
The lungs can clear up after about
15 years of non-smoking.
42
Humans can take between
4 and 10 million breathes a year.
43
02 moves from oxygen-rich blood through interstitial fluid and into cells because
of pressure gradient.
44
Oxygen is not very
soluble in water
45
Most animals transport 02 bound
to respiratory
46
Almost all vertebrates transport 02 on hemoglobin which contains
iron and turns red when bound with 02.
47
Each red blood cell contains about 250 million
molecules of hemoglobin
48
2 types of circulatory systems
have evolved in animals
49
As aquatic organisms moved onto land
they had to change their breathing structures from gills to lungs.
50
Blood pressure drops in gill capillaries
so the movement of aquatic organisms helps blood flow.
51
A single circuit like a fish cardiovascular system does not have enough power to pump through the lungs
and rest of the body of a land animal.
52
The heart separately and simultaneously pumps oxygen- poor blood
to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood to the body.
53
Contraction pumps out and
relaxation takes in blood.
54
Left ventricle and right ventricle pump the same volume but
the left pumps harder to supply the systemic circuit.
55
The average heart pumps 70 ML
per beat.
56
The average heart beat is
72bpm
57
Age, fitness, and other factors
may affect cardiac output
58
Heavy exercise may cause cardiac output
to increase by 5x
59
A resting athlete’s heart may produce stronger contractions and deliver more blood per beat.
than a normal person
60
Resting heart rate may be 40 bpm
but still supply 5L/m.
61
Lub comes from recoil of blood against
AV valves
62
Dup comes from recoil against
SL valves
63
Cardiac muscle cells have their own beat and
are not controlled by the nervous system.
64
During heart attacks
the heart fails to beat at a normal rhythm
65
Hormones may increase
heart rate as well.
66
Epinephrine is the "fight
or flight" hormone
67
Like any other cells, muscle cells require
nutrients and oxygenated blood
68
The heart beats more than
100000 beats per day.
69
U.S death rate from cardiovascular disease
has been cut in half since the 1950s.
70
Arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules have thicker walls than
capillaries, less diffusion.
71
Pressure is the force pushing
against gravity walls.
72
Typical healthy pressure is
120/70
73
Optimal adult pressure is below 120 mmHg systolic
below 80 mmHg for diastolic.
74
Over 1/3 of the U.S
has hyper tension.
75
Hypertension is called the silent killer
because it shows no symptom.
76
The heart must work harder when there is
hyper tension
77
The left ventricle can in large due to
hyper tension
78
Prolonged hypertension leads to heart disease, attack, stroke, kidney failure
and renal artery disease
79
Blood pressure usually
increases with age
80
Sphincters regulate blood
flow to areas in need
81
Exercise increases
demand in muscle increases
82
Digestion increases demand
near the gut increases
83
Injured vessels heal
themselves
84
After injury the damaged vessel constricts
until blockage is in place
85
Step 1
Vena cavity
86
Step 2
right atrium
87
Step 3
tricuspid valve
88
Step 4
Right ventricle
89
Step 5
pulmonary valve
90
Step 6
pulmonary artery
91
Step 7
pulmonary veins
92
Step 8
left atrium
93
Step 9
mitral valve
94
Step 10
left ventricle
95
Step 11
the aortic valve
96
Step 12
The aorta
97
Step 13
to superior and inferior parts of the body
98
What is negative pressure breathing
When you inhale your diaphragm and muscles contract and it decrease pressure or negative pressure that draws air into your lungs
99
What are the 4 treatments
Angioplasty, Pacemaker, and a stent placement, and bypass surgery
100
How to measure blood pressure with a stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer
You tighten the sphygmomanometer and get the blood pressure when tightened and then loosen it and use a stethoscope to listen for the pulse.
