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biology 2 > Respiratory and circulatory > Flashcards

Respiratory and circulatory Flashcards

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1
Q

millions of tiny sacs on the terminal ends of the bronchioles

A

alveoli

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2
Q

abnormal heart rhythms that may be detected by ECG.

A

Arrythmia

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3
Q

smaller diameter arteries that eventually decrease into capillaries.

A

Arteriole

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4
Q

Receives blood from the veins

A

Atrium

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5
Q

alternation of inhalation and exhalation.

A

Breathing

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6
Q

tubes coming off the trachea leading to the lungs

A

Bronchi

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7
Q

finer tubes branching off the bronchi.

A

Bronchial

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8
Q

volume each ventricle pumps per minute.

A

Cardiac Output

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9
Q

voice box out going air passes over the vocal cords and causes vibration.

A

larynx

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10
Q

hissing sound originating from one defective valve, stream of blood squirts backwards.

A

murmur

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11
Q

joint passage for food and air

A

pharynx

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12
Q

Location of Gas exchange

A

respiratory surface

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13
Q

peacemaker of the heart that controls the heart rate.

A

sinoatrial node

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14
Q

windpipe lined by moist epithelial cells

A

trachea

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15
Q

tubes that open to the outside to extract air

A

tracheae

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16
Q

pumps blood away from the heart

A

ventricle

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17
Q

begin the return path to the heart.

A

Venule

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18
Q

Gas exchange takes place by

A

diffusion

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19
Q

Some organisms use their entire

A

outer skin

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20
Q

Skin breathers must live in moist

A

environments

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21
Q

Gills have evolved in most

A

aquatic animals

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22
Q

Gills are extensions of the epithelium

A

that specialize in gas exchange

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23
Q

Cooler air has more

A

oxygen

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24
Q

Capillaries are only wide enough to allow a

A

single file line of blood cells to pass through

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25
Q

Fish expend most of their energy during

A

ventilation due to the density of water.

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26
Q

Diffusion through the trachea provides enough 02 for

A

smaller insects

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27
Q

Larger insects rely on rhythmic

A

body movements

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28
Q

Alternation of flight muscles

A

may also ventilate

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29
Q

Second to bone structure and legs

A

lung breathing was of most importance during the evolutionary move to land

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30
Q

Some evolutionary hypotheses state that changes in front fins and shoulder girdles

A

were necessitated by gulping for air.

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31
Q

Ancient forms of tetrapod’s had

A

gills and lungs

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32
Q

Most amphibians have inefficient lungs and rely on

A

diffusion across the skin

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33
Q

Mammalian lungs are protected by

A

the ribs.

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34
Q

Mucus traps dust, pollen and contaminants

A

as cilia move it upward to be swallowed.

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35
Q

Alveoli are susceptible

A

to contaminants

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36
Q

Blood cells known as macrophages patrol them

A

and engulf foreign object

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37
Q

Too much contamination damages alveoli and is caused by

A

smoking and pollution.

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38
Q

Mainly microscopic particles of carbon coated with toxins

A

a single drag can expose a person to 4000 chemicals

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39
Q

Smokers die about

A

13-14 years sooner.

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40
Q

Smoking affects children through

A

second hand.

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41
Q

The lungs can clear up after about

A

15 years of non-smoking.

42
Q

Humans can take between

A

4 and 10 million breathes a year.

43
Q

02 moves from oxygen-rich blood through interstitial fluid and into cells because

A

of pressure gradient.

44
Q

Oxygen is not very

A

soluble in water

45
Q

Most animals transport 02 bound

A

to respiratory

46
Q

Almost all vertebrates transport 02 on hemoglobin which contains

A

iron and turns red when bound with 02.

47
Q

Each red blood cell contains about 250 million

A

molecules of hemoglobin

48
Q

2 types of circulatory systems

A

have evolved in animals

49
Q

As aquatic organisms moved onto land

A

they had to change their breathing structures from gills to lungs.

50
Q

Blood pressure drops in gill capillaries

A

so the movement of aquatic organisms helps blood flow.

51
Q

A single circuit like a fish cardiovascular system does not have enough power to pump through the lungs

A

and rest of the body of a land animal.

52
Q

The heart separately and simultaneously pumps oxygen- poor blood

A

to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood to the body.

53
Q

Contraction pumps out and

A

relaxation takes in blood.

54
Q

Left ventricle and right ventricle pump the same volume but

A

the left pumps harder to supply the systemic circuit.

55
Q

The average heart pumps 70 ML

A

per beat.

56
Q

The average heart beat is

A

72bpm

57
Q

Age, fitness, and other factors

A

may affect cardiac output

58
Q

Heavy exercise may cause cardiac output

A

to increase by 5x

59
Q

A resting athlete’s heart may produce stronger contractions and deliver more blood per beat.

A

than a normal person

60
Q

Resting heart rate may be 40 bpm

A

but still supply 5L/m.

61
Q

Lub comes from recoil of blood against

A

AV valves

62
Q

Dup comes from recoil against

A

SL valves

63
Q

Cardiac muscle cells have their own beat and

A

are not controlled by the nervous system.

64
Q

During heart attacks

A

the heart fails to beat at a normal rhythm

65
Q

Hormones may increase

A

heart rate as well.

66
Q

Epinephrine is the “fight

A

or flight” hormone

67
Q

Like any other cells, muscle cells require

A

nutrients and oxygenated blood

68
Q

The heart beats more than

A

100000 beats per day.

69
Q

U.S death rate from cardiovascular disease

A

has been cut in half since the 1950s.

70
Q

Arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules have thicker walls than

A

capillaries, less diffusion.

71
Q

Pressure is the force pushing

A

against gravity walls.

72
Q

Typical healthy pressure is

A

120/70

73
Q

Optimal adult pressure is below 120 mmHg systolic

A

below 80 mmHg for diastolic.

74
Q

Over 1/3 of the U.S

A

has hyper tension.

75
Q

Hypertension is called the silent killer

A

because it shows no symptom.

76
Q

The heart must work harder when there is

A

hyper tension

77
Q

The left ventricle can in large due to

A

hyper tension

78
Q

Prolonged hypertension leads to heart disease, attack, stroke, kidney failure

A

and renal artery disease

79
Q

Blood pressure usually

A

increases with age

80
Q

Sphincters regulate blood

A

flow to areas in need

81
Q

Exercise increases

A

demand in muscle increases

82
Q

Digestion increases demand

A

near the gut increases

83
Q

Injured vessels heal

A

themselves

84
Q

After injury the damaged vessel constricts

A

until blockage is in place

85
Q

Step 1

A

Vena cavity

86
Q

Step 2

A

right atrium

87
Q

Step 3

A

tricuspid valve

88
Q

Step 4

A

Right ventricle

89
Q

Step 5

A

pulmonary valve

90
Q

Step 6

A

pulmonary artery

91
Q

Step 7

A

pulmonary veins

92
Q

Step 8

A

left atrium

93
Q

Step 9

A

mitral valve

94
Q

Step 10

A

left ventricle

95
Q

Step 11

A

the aortic valve

96
Q

Step 12

A

The aorta

97
Q

Step 13

A

to superior and inferior parts of the body

98
Q

What is negative pressure breathing

A

When you inhale your diaphragm and muscles contract and it decrease pressure or negative pressure that draws air into your lungs

99
Q

What are the 4 treatments

A

Angioplasty, Pacemaker, and a stent placement, and bypass surgery

100
Q

How to measure blood pressure with a stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer

A

You tighten the sphygmomanometer and get the blood pressure when tightened and then loosen it and use a stethoscope to listen for the pulse.

biology 2 (11 decks)

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