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biology 2 > 24-26 Osmo > Flashcards

24-26 Osmo Flashcards

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1
Q

refers to defense mechanisms that the organism is born with.

A

innate immunity

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2
Q

rely solely on innate immunity

A

invertebrates

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3
Q

innate immunity coexists with acquired immunity

A

vertebrates

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4
Q

“big eaters” that are found in the interstitial fluid and eat any bacteria and viruses they encounter.

A

Macrophages

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5
Q

proteins produced by virus-infected cells that help other cells resist viruses

A

interferons

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6
Q

a major component of our innate immunity

A

inflammatory response

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7
Q

setting on fire

A

inflammation

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8
Q

consists mainly of dead white cells and fluid that has leaked from the capillaries

A

Pus

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9
Q

involved in both innate and acquired immunity

A

Lymphatic system

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10
Q

rounded organs packed with microphages and white blood cells known as lymphocytes

A

Lymph nodes

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11
Q

set of defenses that are activated only after exposure to pathogens

A

Acquired immunity

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12
Q

any foreign molecule that elicits an acquired immune response

A

Antigen

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13
Q

protein found in blood plasma that attaches to one particular kind of antigen and helps counter its effects

A

Antibody

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14
Q

composed of harmless variant or part of a disease-causing microbe

A

Vaccination

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15
Q

maintaining a body temperature suitable for survival.

A

Homeostatic-thermoregulation

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16
Q

rely on external sources of heat

A

Ectotherms

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17
Q

heat is generated by their own metabolism

A

endotherms

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18
Q

movement of air or liquid past a surface

A

Convection

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19
Q

emission of electromagnetic waves

A

Radiation

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20
Q

direct contact, heat moves from hot to cold.

A

Conduction

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21
Q

loss of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas

A

Evaporation

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22
Q

during cold weather, changes in hormones boost the metabolic rate of birds.

A

Metabolic heat production.

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23
Q

balancing the uptake and loss of water and solutes

A

Osmoregulation

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24
Q

have a solute concentration equal to that of seawater so that they do not lose or gain water

A

Osmoconformers

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25
Q

must regulate water loss or gain because their solute concentration differs from their environment.

A

Osmoregulators

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26
Q

plays a central role in homeostasis, forming an excruciating urine while regulating water and ions in body fluids

A

Urinary system

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27
Q

duct by which urine leaves each and enters the urinary bladder.

A

Ureter

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28
Q

tube that empties the bladder

A

Urethra

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29
Q

water and all molecules small enough to get forced through

A

Filtration

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30
Q

water and valuable solutes must be reclaimed and returned to the blood

A

Reabsorbtion

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31
Q

the product of filtration, reabsorption and secretion passes through the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

A

Urine

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32
Q

blood substances are transported into the filtrate

A

Secretion

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33
Q

is used for people who undergo kidney failure.

A

Dialysis

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34
Q

hormonal disease in which body cells are unable are unable to absorb glucose from the blood

A

Diabetes mellitus

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35
Q

ingestion of sugar solution and then blood drawn at timed intervals.

A

Glucose tolerance test.

36
Q

too much insulin is secreted negating the effect of glucose causing blood glucose to drop.

A

Hypoglycemia

37
Q

What are 5 adaptions for heat regulation

A

Metabolic heat production, Insulation, Circulatory adaption, Evaporative cooling, Behavioral responses.

38
Q

Vertebrates have

A

white blood cells

39
Q

Vertebrates also have skin and

A

mucous membranes

40
Q

Invertebrates have an

A

exoskeleton

41
Q

Invertebrates also have

A

low pH and secretion of lysosome

42
Q

White blood cells are found in

A

blood and interstitial fluid

43
Q

Most white blood cells are

A

neutrophils

44
Q

Tissue becomes red and swollen during the

A

inflammatory response.

45
Q

An infection can sometimes cause an overwhelming response that leads to

A

septic shock

46
Q

Septic shock, high fever, and low blood pressure is a common cause of

A

death in critical care patients

47
Q

Lymphatic vessels carry lymph-similar to interstitial fluid but contain less oxygen and

A

fewer nutrients

48
Q

Acquired immunity is found only in

A

vertebrates

49
Q

Acquired immunity differs from

A

individual to individual

50
Q

An antigen can be protrusions from pathogens, viruses, bacteria, mold spores, pollen, dust, or the cell surfaces of

A

transplanted organs

51
Q

Acquired immunity is usually obtained through

A

exposure but can be obtained through vaccines.

52
Q

In the U.S child vaccinations have lead to the virtual elimination of some viral diseases like

A

polio, lumps, and measles

53
Q

There have been no cases of smallpox since

A

1970

54
Q

Since 2001, the government has been stockpiling smallpox vaccines due to the

A

chance of a bioterrorist attack

55
Q

Some organisms do homeostatic thermoregulation through metabolism

A

while others rely on the external environment

56
Q

Endotherms consist of

A

birds and animals

57
Q

Ectotherms consist of lizards amphibians,

A

and many fishes

58
Q

Mammals and birds have

A

feathers and fur

59
Q

Raising of fur helps

A

trap air

60
Q

Land animals have exoskeletons or skin to help prevent

A

dehydration.

61
Q

Kidneys are about the size of a

A

fist

62
Q

Kidneys are filled with nearly 80km of

A

tubes and capillaries

63
Q

1100-2000 L of blood passes through

A

the kidneys daily

64
Q

Kidneys extract about 180L of fluid that consists of water,

A

urea and solutes of glucose, amino acids, ions and vitamins.

65
Q

We only excrete about

A

1.5 daily

65
Q

Kidneys must refine this filtrate and return

A

valuable substances to the blood.

66
Q

A person may survive with

A

one functioning kidney

67
Q

Both kidneys failing would lead to toxic waste build up,

A

poor regulation of blood pressure, pH and ions

67
Q

Prolonged use of pain relievers, alcohol, and

A

other drugs can contribute.

68
Q

Over 60% of kidney disease is related to

A

hypertension, and diabetes.

69
Q

21 million Americans

A

have diabetes.

70
Q

6 million haven’t been diagnosed

A

but still have it

71
Q

Diabetes can cause dehydration, blindness, cardiovascular

A

and kidney disease cause nerve damage.

72
Q

300,000 Americans die to

A

diabetes each year.

73
Q

White blood cells attack and destroy

A

their own pancreatic cells

73
Q

Type I is

A

insulin dependent

74
Q

Generally develops

A

during childhood

74
Q

Type II is

A

non insulin dependent

75
Q

Injections of human insulin are produced by

A

genetically engineered bacteria

76
Q

Deficiency of insulin

A

or reduced to insulin

77
Q

Type II is mostly associated with overweight and

A

underactive

78
Q

More than 90% of U.S

A

diabetes are Type II

79
Q

Many manage diabetes with diets

A

and exercise

80
Q

Gestational diabetes affects

A

4% of woman

81
Q

High fiber diets,

A

low fat and sodium

82
Q
A

biology 2 (11 decks)

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