chapter 13

Question 1

organisms will tend to become better over a few generations.

Answer 1

tendency towards perfection

Question 2

the changes that occur in an organism’s lifetime will pass to its offspring.

Answer 2

inheritance of acquired traits

Question 3

Humans choose traits to isolate and breed organisms with those traits in mind.

Answer 3

Artificial selection

Question 4

similar structures from similar descent but with different functions.

Answer 4

Homologous structures

Question 5

during development at some point all vertebrates have common structures.

Answer 5

Embryology

Question 6

remnants that may have been ancestrally important.

Answer 6

vestigial structures

Question 7

through careful examination of DNA allows us to see that relationships exist at that level.

Answer 7

Molecular Biology

Question 8

group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time.

Answer 8

Population

Question 9

all genes of reproductivity active organisms available for production of new offspring.

Answer 9

Gene pool

Question 10

small changes in the gene pool over periods of time resulting in a change in the relative frequency of alleles.

Answer 10

Microevolution

Question 11

individuals vary.

Answer 11

Genetic variation

Question 12

new alleles may arise through mutation leading to variation.

Answer 12

Mutation

Question 13

a principle derived in 1908 by 2 scientists that explains that allele frequencies will remain constant unless outside factors are operating.

Answer 13

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Question 14

natural disasters may randomly affect the gene pool.

Answer 14

Bottle neck effect

Question 15

an isolated colony gets separated from the original with maligned set of genes not representing the original gene pool well.

Answer 15

Founder effect

Question 16

the contribution that an individual makes to the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals.

Answer 16

Fitness

Question 17

3 ideas of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 17

Living things change over time, All species descended from other species, and all species were adapted to their environments

Question 18

3 key points on evolution

Answer 18

1. Individuals do not evolve.
2. Natural selection can amplify or diminish only heritable traits.
3. Evolution has no goal; perfection is not reasonable.

Question 19

3 more key points on natural selection

Answer 19

1. Natural selection is more of an editing process than a creative mechanism.
2. Natural selection depends on time and place, available variance in a population and the current environment.
3. Significant change may occur in a short period of time, not always but still can

Question 20

5 conditions to remain in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Answer 20

1. Very large population: smaller populations trend toward change.
2. No gene flow between populations: addition or removal of alleles due to immigration or emigration
3. No mutations: results in genetic change
4. Random mating: mate selection may favor some genes.
5. No natural selection: additional fitness for some genes causing the loss of others.

Question 21

3 types of natural selection

Answer 21

1. Stabilizing selection
2. Directional selection
3. Disruptive selection.

Question 22

4 reasons perfection will never be achieved

Answer 22

1. Selection can only be acted on existing variation.
2. Evolution is limited by historical constraints.
3. Adaptions are often compromises.
4. Chance, natural selection and the environment interact.