Chapter 21 Ingestion Flashcards
Plant eaters
Herbivores
animal eaters
carnivores
Omnivores
eat plants and animals
feeders extract food from the surrounding waters.( humpback whale, oyster)
Suspension
feeders that live in or on their source of food.( caterpillar, earthworms)
Substrate
feeders obtain food by sucking nutrient-rich foods from a living host( mosquito, tick)
fluid
feeders that ingest large pieces of food
Bulk
breaking food down into absorbable molecules mechanically and chemically
Digestion
cells lining the digestive tract absorb small molecules
Absorption
undigested materials pass out of the digestive tract
Elimination
digestive tract with two openings (mouth and anus)
Alimentary canal
pouch like organ where food is softened or stored
Crop
temporary storage but are more muscular for churning and grinding.
Stomach and gizzard
where chemical digestion and nutrient absorption take place
Intestine
location of fecal expulsion
Anus
alternation of muscular contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles line the alimentary canal forcing food through.
Peristalsis
ringlike waves that regulate the passage of food into and out of the stomach.
Sphincter
serves to protect and lubricate
Glycoprotein
Neutralize acids
Buffers
kills food-clinging bacteria
antibacterial agents
a starch digester.
Amilyse
pH of 2 contains mucus, enzymes, and strong acids.
Gastric Juice
secrete mucous as a lubricant.
Mucouse cells
secrete hydrogen ions and chloride ions that combine in the lumen to form HCI
Parietal cells
secrete pepsinogen, an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin.
Chief cells
produces pancreatic digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution.
Pancreas
produces bile with salts that break down fats.
Liver
stores bile until it is needed in the small intestine.
gallbladder
first 25cm of the small intestine.
duodenum
contains a mass of white blood cells to make a small contribution to immunity.
Appendix
larger in herbivores
Cecum
deficient calories
Undernourishment
missing essential nutrients
Malnourishment
excess calories.
Over nourishment
what are the 4 types of ingestion
suspension, fluid, substrate, and bulk
3 requirements for a healthy diet
Fuel to power bodily activities, organic building blocks for synthesis, Essential nutrients that the body cannot produce itself.
Proteins, carbs, and fats are too physically large to pass through
cell membranes
In 5-10 seconds
food makes its way to the stomach
Food stays in the stomach for
2-6 hours
After the stomach food goes to the small intestine for absorption and stays there for
5-6 hours
Undigested material passes through the large intestine in
12-24 hours
Stomachs are the main reason animals do not have to
eat constantly
The stomach can hold up to
2 liters of food and water
Pepsin is responsible for the digestion of
Proteins
Epithelium is constantly eroded in the stomach and is replaced about every
3 days
The small intestine is responsible for the
majority of absorption
