Respiratory Anatomy Study Guide Flashcards
4 processes of gas exchange
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
transportation of respiratory gasses
internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation
breathing - inspiration + expiration
- air moving in and out of the lungs
external respiration
- o2 diffuses from the lungs into the blood
- co2 diffuses from the blood into the lungs
transportation of respiratory gasses
completed by the cardiovascular system - the blood is the vehicle
function of the upper respiratory tract
conducting zone - warms, humidifies, and filters air as it passes through
function of lower respiratory tract
receive air and absorb oxygen, release co2
nose function
airway, moistens + warms entering air, filters air, serves as resonating chamber for speech, houses olfactory receptors
pharynx
passageway for food and air
larynx
airway, routes air + food into proper channels, produces sound/vocalization - houses vocal folds
trachea
windpipe
bronchi and bronchioles
distribute air to alveoli for gas exchange
bones that make up external nose
nasal, frontal, maxillary bones, hyaline cartilage
bones framing nasal cavity
roof formed by ethmoid and sphenoid bones, floor formed by hard + soft palates
(divided by nasal septum)
components of mucus
Lysozyme (eats up bacteria) and defensins
nasal chonchae
covered in mucosa, increase mucosal surface area and turbulence for enhanced warming/filtering
nasal sinuses
located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary bones, forming ring around nasal cavity
- lighten skull
- give resonance to voice
- produce mucus/warm + moisten air
3 divisions of the pharynx in order from superior to inferior
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharnx
epithelial lining in nasopharynx
pseudostratified, columnar epithelium
epithelial lining of oropharynx
more protective, stratified, squamous epithelium
epithelial lining of laryngopharynx
stratified, squamous epithelium
protection of the nasopharynx during swallowing
soft palate and uvula close during swallowing
protection of the larynx during swallowing
epiglottis covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
thyroid cartilage
large, shield shape
- has laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)
- grows larger from secretion of sex hormones during puberty (causing it to be bigger in males)
cricoid cartilage
ring shaped
- three small, paired cartilages form posterior and lateral walls (arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate)
cartilage that makes up most of the larynx
hyaline
cartilage that makes up the epiglottis
elastic cartilage
vocal folds
true vocal cords
- vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up
- lack blood vessels and appear pearly white
vestibular folds
false vocal cords
- superior to vocal folds
- play no part in sound production
- assist in closing glottis during swallowing
glottis
opening between vocal folds
aspect of speech most addressed in speech therapy
- Enunciation: determined by the activity of the muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips
aspect of speech determined by length/tension of vocal cords
vocal pitch
- as larynx grows, vocal cords get thicker + longer - voice deepens
valsalva maneuver
vocal folds act as a sphincter to prevent air passage (like during defecation)
significance of trachea’s cartilaginous rings being c-shaped
trachea is flexible enough to move inferiorly + stretch during inspiration and recoil during exhalation, so the cartilage rings prevent collapse
trachealis
smooth muscle that connects the posterior surface of the tracheal rings - allows the esophagus to expand when food is swallowed
carina
projects posteriorly from the inner surface of the last tracheal cartilage, marks the point where the trachea branches into the two main bronchi
what enters the medial hilum of each lung
- main bronchi
- blood vessels
- lymphatic vessels
- nerves
divisions of the bronchial tree in order
- trachea
- main bronchi (2)
- secondary/lobar bronchi (2 on the left, 3 on the right)
- segmental/tertiary bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
type I alveolar cells
single layer of squamous epithelial cells that make up alveolar walls
type II alveolar cells
scattered, cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
surface tension
wants to draw the alveoli inwards and collapse it
surfactant
fluid that contains a detergent-like substance; coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces, preventing collapse
alveolar pores
openings that connect adjacent alveoli
- equalize air pressure throughout the lung
- allow for re-routing in the event of collapsed/diseased alveoli
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleurae - causes increased friction
- results from pneumonia
- stabbing pain with breath
- as it progresses, extra fluid is produced - friction and pain are reduced, but pressure is exerted on lungs
- pleural effusion: fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, can sometimes be drained
