Physiology of Digestion and Absorption Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

3 macronutrients that predominate human diet

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 micronutrients

A

vitamins and minerals (vitamin d and iron for example)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

primary and preferred fuel source for the human body

A

Carbohydrates (specifically glucose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

glycogen

A

Excess glucose is converted to glycogen or fat and stored in the liver
Small amounts from the glycogen in meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

list of the different types of lipid in the human diet with their functional use

A
  • Adipose tissue for protection, insulation, fuel storage
  • Phospholipids for myelin sheaths, cell membranes
  • Cholesterol to stabilize membranes; a precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones
  • Prostaglandins for smooth muscle contraction, BP control, inflammation
  • Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
  • Fuel for hepatocytes and skeletal muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

proteins

A
  • Structural materials – keratin, collagen, elastin, muscle protein
  • Functional molecules – enzymes and hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

complete proteins

A

contain all essential AAs
- Animal products – eggs, milk, fish, meats
- Soybeans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Incomplete Proteins

A

lacking some essential AAs
- Beans, nuts, cereals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

After digestion, the chemical subunits of the nutrients we eat are absorbed through what type of epithelial cell?

A

Enterocytes (simple columnar epithelial) Material must move through the enterocytes – enters via apical membrane, exits through basolateral membrane to interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

absorption pathway of carbohydrates

A

starch and glycogen → oligosaccharides and disaccharides → lactose, maltose, sucrose → glucose, fructose, galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

absorption pathway of proteins

A

proteins → large polypeptides → small polypeptides, small peptides → amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

absorption pathway of Nucleic acid

A

nucleic acids → nucleotide monomers → free nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, phosphate ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

absorption pathway of lipids

A

triglycerides → monoglycerides + 2 free fatty acids → micelles: FFA?monoglyceride + bile salt → chylomicron: recombined triglycerides → free fatty acids + glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

smallest chemical subunits of carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

A

Carbohydrate: monosaccharides – glucose, fructose, galactose
Lipids: free fatty acids + glycerol
Protein: amino acids
Nucleic acid: free nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, phosphate ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Be able to state what enzyme is primarily driving digestion of each type of nutrient

A

Carbohydrates: begins with salivary amylase and continues with pancreatic amylase
Proteins: digestions begins when pepsinogen is converted to pepsin (dependent on acidic pH), and then continues by pancreatic proteases
Lipids: digestion begins with emulsification and continues with lingual, gastric, pancreatic lipases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Micelles

A

FFA/monoglycerides + bile salt
part of lipid digestion

16
Q

chylomicrons

A

recombined triglycerides
part of lipid digestion

17
Q

What solute is primary responsible for creating and maintaining the concentration gradient needed to drive the reabsorption of water by the LI?

18
Q

Malabsorption

A

can result from anything that interferes with delivery of bile or pancreatic juice or from anything that damages intestinal mucosa (ex: bacterial infections or antibiotics)

19
Q

Celiac Disease/Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy

A

a common malabsorption disease
- Chronic, genetic condition that causes an immune reaction to gluten
- Gluten is a protein found in many grains
- Intestinal villi and brush borders are damaged
- Affects 1:100 people
- Symptoms: bloating, diarrhea, pain, malnutrition
- Treatment: gluten-free diets

20
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 +6 O2 ——>6 CO2+ 6 H2O

21
Q

Stage I of metabolism

A

Digestion, Absorption, Transport to Tissues

22
Q

stage II of metabolism

A

Cellular Processing in the Cytoplasm
- Synthesis of lipids, proteins, glycogen
- Catabolism into pyruvic acid and acetyl CoA (glycolysis)

23
Q

stage III of metabolism

A

Catabolism in the Mitochondria
- Oxidative breakdown into CO2, H2O, and ATP

24
congenital defects associated with digestive tract
Cleft Palate: the palatine bones fail to fuse Cleft Lip: the upper lip fails to fuse Esophageal Atresia/Tracheoesophageal Fistula: improper development of the esophagus; an opening between the trachea and esophagus cystic fibrosis
25
Cystic Fibrosis
impairs the pancreas through production of abnormally thick mucus – blocks the digestive organs’ ducts
26
Rooting Reflex
head turns towards the stroked cheek
27
Sucking Reflex
sucking upon stimulus to the roof of the mouth
28
digestive impairments seen in the elderly population
- GI tract activity declines with age – less digestive juice, less absorption, peristalsis slows – constipation becomes common - Taste and smell become less acute, eating becomes less appealing - Diverticulosis, fecal incontinence, and GI tract cancers are fairly common in the elderly - Stomach and colon cancers have minimal early signs and often metastasize before detection. With early detection, GI tract cancers are typically treatable.