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Anatomy & Physiology 208 > Female Reproductive System Study Guide > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Suspensory ligament

A

anchors each ovary laterally to the pelvic wall

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1
Q

Ovarian ligaments

A

anchors each ovary medially to the uterus

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2
Q

Mesovarium

A

suspends the ovary

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3
Q

Broad ligament

A

supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina. Suspensory ligament and mesovarium are portions of it

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4
Q

ovarian follicle

A

Tiny sac like structures embedded in the cortex

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5
Q

what an ovarian follicle contains

A

immature ova (oocytes) surrounded by
- Follicle cells (if only 1 cell layer is present)
- Granulosa cells (if more than 1 cell layer present)

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6
Q

Primordial follicle

A

single layer of follicle cells plus oocyte

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7
Q

More mature follicle

A

several layers of granulosa cells plus oocyte

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8
Q

Vesicular (antral or tertiary) follicle

A

a fully mature follicle in which a fluid-filled antrum has formed. The follicle bulges from the ovary surface

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9
Q

What happens in ovulation?

A

Ejection of the oocyte

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10
Q

corpus luteum

A
  • Develops from the ruptured follicle after ovulation
  • Formed by the remaining granulosa cells and internal thecal cells - secretes progesterone and some estrogen
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11
Q

corpus luteum upon degeneration

A

If no pregnancy occurs, it degenerates into corpus albicans in about 10 days
- (If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum produces hormones to sustain it until the placenta takes over at about 3 months)

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12
Q

fallopian/uterine tubes

A

receive ovulated oocyte, are the typical site of fertilization

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13
Q

Regions of fallopian/uterine tubes

A

isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum

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14
Q

isthmus

A

constricted area where tube joins uterus

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15
Q

Ampulla

A

distal end of the tube that curves around the ovary

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16
Q

Infundibulum

A

distal expansion near the ovary - contains fimbriae to create a current. Current sweeps ovulated oocyte into the tube. closure of the fimbriae makes the fallopian tube blocked, preventing the egg from moving on (and potentially being fertilized)

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17
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

An oocyte is fertilized in the peritoneal cavity or in the distal uterine tube. It begins developing
- Typically results in a natural abortion with substantial bleeding

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18
Q

cervical glands

A

Secrete thick mucus to block sperm from entering the cervix outside the mid cycle time window

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19
Q

link between HPV and cervical cancer

A

Frequent UTIs, including HPV (sti) can cause cervical cancer

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20
Q

How is HPV detected?

A

pap smears

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21
Q

Mesometrium

A

lateral support for the uterus by the broad ligament

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22
Q

Cardinal (lateral cervical) ligaments

A

extend from the cervix and superior vagina to the lateral pelvic walls

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23
Q

Uterosacral ligaments

A

secure uterus to the sacrum

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24
Q

Round ligament

A

binds the uterus to the anterior wall

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25
Q

uterus position

A

tilts anteriorly away from the vaginal opening, anteversion (as opposed to retroversion - posterior tilt)

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26
Q

uterine prolapse

A

Despite ligaments, the uterus is primarily supported by the pelvic floor
- An unsupported uterus - such as might happen after childbirth, can sink inferiorly

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27
Q

Endometrium inner layers

A

Stratum functionalis - functional layer
Stratum basalis - basal layer

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28
Q

Stratum functionalis

A

Changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles
Is shed during menstruation

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29
Q

Stratum basalis

A
  • Forms a new stratum functionalis after menstruation
  • Is not responsive to ovarian hormones
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30
Q

What is the significance of the stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina. Why are acidic secretions important?

A

protection and stretch

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31
Q

analogous structures between the male and female external genitalia

A
  • Labia majora and scrotum
  • Great vestibular glands and bulbourethral glands
  • Clitoris and penis (also has glans - exposed portion, and prepuce - hood that covers the glans)
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32
Q

perineum

A

Diamond shapes region between the pubic symphysis, coccyx, and the bilateral ischial tuberosities

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33
Q

milk producing structures

A

Glandular alveoli

34
Q

structures that carry milk to the nipple

A

Milk is passed into lactiferous ducts and then into lactiferous sinuses. Sinuses open to the external body surface at the nipple

35
Q

3 things that can increase a women’s risk of breast cancer

A
  • Risk is proportional to lifetime exposure of estrogens - early puberty, late menopause, no or delayed pregnancies, and use of hormone replacement therapies can increase risk
  • Risk is also increased by family history or genetic mutations in 1 of 2 genes - BRCA 1 or BRCA 2
36
Q

screening exam for breast cancer

A

Mammogram

37
Q

oogenesis

A

production of female gametes (like spermatogenesis)

38
Q

When does oogenesis begin?

A

fetal period

39
Q

At birth, a female infant has a lifetime supply of ____________

A

primary oocytes

40
Q

dominant follicle

A

One primary oocyte is selected from the few primary oocytes that are activated each month to become the dominant follicle. It resumes meiosis I and creates two haploid cells - 1 secondary oocyte (large cell with almost all the parent cell’s cytoplasm and organelles), 1st polar body

41
Q

cellular process during ovulation

A

Meiosis I - produces first polar body and secondary oocyte

42
Q

polar body

A

very small cell, almost devoid of cytoplasm

43
Q

What happens if a secondary oocyte is fertilized

A

it completes meiosis II creating 1 ovum (functional gamete) and 2nd polar body

44
Q

What happens if a secondary oocyte is not fertilized

A

it deteriorates

45
Q

net products of oogenesis

A

1 viable ovum + 2/3 polar bodies

46
Q

net products of spermatogenesis

A

4 viable sperm

47
Q

Similarities for spermatogenesis and oogenesis

A
  • Diploid stem cells divide by mitosis
  • Primary oo/spermatocytes undergo meiosis I
  • Secondary oo/spermatocytes undergo meiosis II
  • Ovum / sperm
48
Q

typical ovarian cycle length

A

28 days

49
Q

two phases of ovarian cycle

A

Follicular phase
Luteal phase

50
Q

Follicular phase

A

day 1-14, period of vesicular follicle growth

51
Q

Luteal phase

A

days 14 - 28, period of corpus luteum activity

52
Q

Ovulation relative to ovarian cycle

A

end of the follicular phase and the luteal phase (around day 14)

53
Q

Follicle

A

function unit of the ovary

54
Q

Primordial follicles

A

1st follicle to develop in a female fetus, become primary follicles through oocyte enlargement and a change in the shape of the surrounding cells - squamous to cuboidal

55
Q

Primary follicles

A

become secondary follicles when follicular cells proliferate to form stratified epithelium around the oocyte

56
Q

A secondary follicle

A

becomes a vesicular follicle when a clear fluid-filled cavity called the antrum forms

57
Q

Vesicular follicle

A

bulges from the external ovary surface and is ready to be ovulated

58
Q

hormone that stimulates development of follicles

A

FSH - follicle stimulating hormone

59
Q

what causes selection of the dominant follicle?

A

A drop in FSH levels

60
Q

What hormone stimulates the rupturing of the ovarian wall?

A

LH - luteinizing hormone

61
Q

sequencing of hormones for triggering follicle development, ovulation, and development of the corpus luteum.

A

GnRh stimulates secretion of FSH and LH
These 2 stimulate follicles to grow, mature, and secrete sex hormones
- Fsh stimulates granulosa cells to release estrogen
- Lh prods thecal cells to produce androgens - converted to estrogens
Increasing levels of plasma estrogen (and inhibin) stop release of fsh and lh, only dominant follicle withstands dip is fsh
Estrogen levels rise and trigger positive feedback surge in lh
Surge in lh triggers ovulation
Estrogen levels decline after ovulation, lh transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen almost immediately
Rising levels of estrogen and progesterone in plasma inhibit the release of additional lh and fsh - inhibition is enhanced by inhibin
If no fertilization occurs, corpus luteum degenerates and estrogen / progesterone levels fall
Fsh and lh are secreted again, and the cycle restarts

62
Q

What hormone plays an additional role in inhibiting the reproductive cycles?

A

Inhibin

63
Q

How are the uterine and ovarian cycles related?

A
  • The menstrual and proliferative phase of the uterine cycle overlap with the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.
  • The secretory phase of the uterine cycle overlap with the luteal phase phase of the ovarian cycle
64
Q

3 phases of the uterine cycle

A
  1. Menstrual phase days 1-5
  2. Proliferative phase days 6-14
  3. Secretory (postovulatory) phase days 15-28
65
Q

Menstrual phase

A
  • Ovarian hormones are at their lowest levels
  • Gonadotropin rises
  • Stratum functionalis detaches from the uterine wall and is shed- flow of menstrual blood and tissue for 3-5 days
  • By day 5, growing ovarian follicles start to produce more estrogen
66
Q

Proliferative phase

A
  • Rising estrogen levels prompt generation of a new stratum functionalis - layer thickens, glands enlarge, spiral arteries increase in number
  • Estrogen increases the synthesis of progesterone receptors within the endometrium
  • Normally thick, sticky cervical mucus is thinned out to facilitate the passage of sperm
  • Ovulation occurs around day 14
67
Q

Secretory (postovulatory) phase

A
  • Phase that is most consistent in duration
  • Endometrium is prepared for possible implantation
  • Rising progesterone levels from the corpus luteum prompt
    – Endometrial glands to enlarge and secrete nutrients
    – Formation of a cervical mucus plug to block entry of more sperm, pathogens, debris
68
Q

amenorrhea

A

cessation of menstruation (typically reversible, but bone loss is not)
- Adipose cells help convert adrenal androgens to estrogens and are a source of leptin

69
Q

Leptin

A

hormone that plays a critical, permissive role in the onset of puberty

70
Q

danger of amenorrhea

A

Once estrogen levels drop and the menstrual cycle stops, bone loss begins, leading to osteoporosis

71
Q

role between estrogen and bone health

A

Supports rapid short lived growth spurts
Widening and lightening of pelvis
Sustains bone density

72
Q

estrogen and cardiac health

A

Maintains low total blood cholesterol and high hdl levels
Facilitates calcium uptake

73
Q

systemic effects of estrogen

A
  • Promote oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovaries
  • Exert anabolic effects on the female reproductive tract
  • Induce secondary sex characteristics - growth of breasts and deposits of fat in the hips
74
Q

role of progesterone in maintaining pregnancy

A
  • Works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle
  • Promotes changes in cervical mucus
  • Inhibits uterine motility during pregnancy
  • Prepares breasts for lactation
75
Q

How genetic sex is determined

A

Xx = female xy = male

76
Q

Which parent determines genetic sex of offspring

A

Men determine the sex because they have two different chromosomes they can pass down, females only have one

77
Q

SRY gene

A

Single gene on the y chromosome that determines maleness by initiating development of testes

78
Q

nondisjunction

A

Abnormal distribution of any chromosome to the gametes

79
Q

Trisomy 21

A

down’s syndrome, one extra chromosome 21

80
Q

Turners syndrome

A

females with only 1 x chromosome (XO) that never develop ovaries; at risk for shorter stature, learning challenges, and heart defects

81
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

males with 2+ x chromosomes and 1 y chromosome - results in sterility, at risk for learning challenges

82
Q

The presence or absence of which hormone determines sexual differentiation?

A

testosterone

Anatomy & Physiology 208 (39 decks)

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